论明王朝治理安多藏区的策略及成效

安多在明朝经营整个藏区中具有特殊作用。明王朝把安多看作是经营整个藏区的示范区和桥头堡。明王朝对藏区的治理沿袭元制,并有所突破和创新治理安多藏区的原则是羁縻与怀柔并举,主要措施有“土流参治”、“僧官制度”及官办“茶马互市”等。总体而言,明王朝在安多藏区的治理是成功的,值得肯定的。     

“甘肃古生物化石展”的内容设计和陈列特点

“甘肃古生物化石展”是甘肃省举办的规模最大的专题陈列展览,而且是甘肃省博物馆建馆50多年来首次以古生物化石为题材的大型基本陈列,也是国内除了专业博物馆以外最大的陈列展览。此展览展出面积1900平方米．陈列各类化石标本600余件。本文对其内容设计和陈列特点进行了分析论述。     

“自下而上”:当代中国农村社会研究的社会史视角

从互助组到人民公社体制结束,是一个前后相继、不可割裂的时代。从"自下而上"的社会史角度对此进行研究,可以纠正以往研究的缺失,丰富我们对新中国历史的认识。中国社会史研究应当引入到现当代史的研究,这亦是社会史研究应有的社会关怀。     

彩袖化彩虹幸福奔小康——土族阿姑席玉秀的创业之路

这里就是小庄村。它位于互助土族自治县县城西南,距县城中心1公里,是一个土族聚居的城郊村。全村共有农户146户,人口550人,其中土族544人,占总人口的99％,耕地面积837．22亩,人均不到2亩。     

地理邻近促进产学研协同创新吗?——基于多维邻近整合的视角

运用偏最小二乘法（PLS）构建结构方程模型,将多维邻近整合到统一的研究框架,分析地理邻近对跨区域产学研协同创新绩效的影响。结果显示：地理邻近是多维邻近的第一维,其他邻近都是在地理邻近的影响下作用于产学研协同创新绩效;社会邻近虽然正向作用于技术邻近和关系邻近,但是不能间接通过技术邻近和关系邻近正向影响产学研协同创新绩效;制度邻近和关系邻近对产学研协同创新的影响很显著。为了实现科技资源优化聚集,有必要加快制度、市场和基础设施的一体化建设。     

汉代妇女服饰二题

本文在对大量与汉代妇女服饰相关的考古资料进行系统整理的基础上,运用考古学分类排序比较的方法对资料进行研究,得出两点认识：汉代妇女服饰风格在西汉和东汉存在着明显的差异,二者的转变时期在西汉末;汉代妇女服饰是在继承战国楚服和秦代服饰的基础上,结合其它文化元素进一步发展起来的更为统一标准化的服饰。     

蒋介石的不抵抗和张学良的不抵抗

对九一八事变时不抵抗的研究．史学界多局限在蒋介石和张学良的责任之争、原因之辩,而对二人在不抵抗上的异同却不见铺陈。其实,蒋和张的不抵抗存在着明显的区别：蒋因欲避免全国抗战而不抵抗。张因主张“全面抗战”而不抵抗;蒋可用局部抵抗来避免或拖延全国抗战,张却不愿独自局部抗战,只能用不抵抗来等待全国抗战。深入分析蒋和张二人这种在不抵抗上的分歧和演变,有助于弄清这一段历史的真实面目,理解他们间的这种分歧,实为西安事变的远因。     

Micro-CT investigation of ostrich eggshell beads collected from Locality 12, the Shuidonggou site,China

Ostrich eggshell (OES) beads are an important kind of human ornaments, because their production reflects the development of modern human behavior, thinking ability, and cognitive level. Although the manufacture procedure of OES beads has been reconstructed in some Later Stone Age sites and early Neolithic sites, little information is known about detailed drilling technologies. In this study, synchrotron radiation micro-CT (SR-μCT) was firstly used to scan OES beads to understand microstructure, drilling marks, and perforation shape in a non-destructive mode. In contrast to other method to research drilling technologies, SR-μCT has a unique advantage that it could eliminate the influence of the adhering soils in a perforation in case that they are not easily removed. The results indicate that (1) SR-μCT could differentiate the eggshell species between Struthio camelus and Struthio anderssoni in terms of pore distribution. Compared to other destructive methods, including the anatomical method, DNA and protein analysis, the species identification through SR-μCT is non-destructive and faster; (2) the outer and inner surface of OES could be non-destructively judged according to OES microstructure, which would help infer the drilling direction; and (3) the perforation shape and drilling marks are distinct between the discontinuous twisting drilling and the multi-rotary drilling methods on the basis of replication experiments. According to these criteria, SR-μCT was applied to examine OES beads found in Locality 12 of the Shuidonggou (SDG) site in China, which were probably discarded in 1.1 k yr BP. The results show that most of ancient beads were firstly drilled from inside. According to the perforation shape and drilling marks, both the twisting drilling and the multi-rotary drilling method with different kinds of drill bits were used in working beads. Therefore, the people in SDG site mastered a few drilling technologies in the early Holocene, and the use of the multi-rotary drilling method reflects the technical development of ancient people. Up to our knowledge, it is the earliest known evidence of the application of the multi-rotary drilling method in China. Furthermore, this study will provide a new approach and important reference to understand drilling technologies of much older OES beads in the Later Stone Age or Upper Paleolithic Age.     

近10余年周恩来与新中国外交研究述评

作为新中国第一任总理兼外交部长,周恩来直接领导新中国外交工作长达26年,他为中国与世界的和平事业作出了不可磨灭的杰出贡献。本文就自1997年以来周恩来与新中国外交这一研究领域的国内外主要研究成果和现存问题做一简要评述。一、近10余年出版的相关图书概况自20世纪90年代中后期至今,国内外先后出版了一批关于周恩来与新中国外交的图书,这些图书大致可以分为三类:     

古建筑木构件的防火处理与性能研究

古建筑具有重要的文化价值和经济价值,是重要的不可再生文化遗产。中国的古建筑以木为主要结构,而木结构的耐火等级低,这就造成了中国古建筑面临了一个极大的隐患——火灾,因此对古建筑木构件的防火处理与性能的研究迫在眉睫。为此,试验选取3种不同的木材和5种不同的阻燃剂作为研究对象,首先对涂覆不同阻燃剂的木材进行表观特征测量,然后分别采用热重分析法和扫描电子显微镜测试技术进行表征测试,最后分析阻燃木材的各种力学性能测试。研究结果表明:喷涂阻燃剂的木材其性能效果均优于未喷涂的木材。特别针对未涂油漆的原木构件,可以采用有机磷杂环阻燃剂或磷—氮类阻燃剂;普通油漆的木构件则适用于磷—氮类阻燃剂,而处理桐油木构件应用磷—氮类阻燃剂或阻燃油。