Book reviews

Hønneland, Geir and Anne‐Kristin Jørgensen, Integration vs. Autonomy: Civil‐Military Relations on the Kola Peninsula, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 1999. 200 pp. ISBN 0 7546 2058 1

Marjut Anttonen, Etnopolitiikkaa Ruijassa. Suomalaislähtöisen väestön identi‐teettien politisoituminen 1990‐luvulla. Vammala: Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1999, 521s. Sammendrag (norsk), Summary. (SKS Toimituksia, 764)     

From Pleistocene Mariners to Complex Hunter-Gatherers: The Archaeology of the California Channel Islands

California’s Channel Islands were home to some of the most distinctive Native American peoples along the Pacific Coast. Never connected to the mainland during the Quaternary, the Channel Islands have an impoverished terrestrial flora and fauna, but some of the richest and most productive marine environments in the Americas, including diverse kelp forest, intertidal, and offshore marine habitats. Native Americans occupied the Channel Islands for roughly 13,000 calendar years until the early nineteenth century, providing one of the longest and best preserved records of maritime hunter-gatherers in the Americas. We provide an overview and analysis of Channel Islands archaeology, from the relatively mobile peoples who colonized the islands during the Late Pleistocene to the complex hunter-gatherers documented by early Spanish explorers. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of Channel Islands archaeology for enhancing knowledge on a number of broad anthropological issues, including coastal and aquatic adaptations, seafaring, cultural complexity, trade and exchange, and ancient human impacts on the environment.     

Red deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus elaphus</Emphasis>) skeleton from the Early Bronze Age pit at Brandýs (Czech Republic)

The finding of a male red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) skeleton at Brandýs nad Labem (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) dated to the Únětice culture (Early Bronze Age), radiocarbon dated to 1881–1679 cal BC (P 93 %), unique in the region, was analysed archaeozoologically. The depositing of a whole, unbutchered and entirely undamaged, but curled up body of a stag in a relatively small pit dug into the bottom of a large storage pit undoubtedly had some kind of special meaning or significance. It is interpreted as the burial of a ritually sacrificed beast. The deer male aged 2.5–3 years, with a withers height ca 129 cm, was in good health and had well-developed antlers. The stag most probably died between January and April, probably more towards the spring, but exactly how it died is unclear. The ritual appears to have been quite complex since it included a fire at the bottom of the storage pit. Deposition in a place designed for storage could suggest a ceremony relating to a sacrifice for prosperity and a good harvest. Despite a lack of evidence for the use of deer in rituals and the symbolic sphere during the Bronze Age, deer burials and the symbolic significance of the stag are known from other archaeological cultures and ethnicities. Interestingly, the entire foreleg of a younger red deer (aged 4–7 months), an isolated humerus of another young fawn (0.5–2 months) and the remains of two dog puppies (3.5–4.5 months) were present in upper horizons of the storage pit, which could also have a special meaning.     

糟朽文物的浸渗处理

进行了浸渗技术用于文物保护的模拟实验及实际保护处理。并对处理工艺、浸渗剂的选择及固化方法等作了介绍。     

近代城市贫民阶层及其救济探析——以天津为例

With the development of industry and commerce after Tianjin’s opening as a treaty port, the urban poor were in an unfavorable situation in controlling the social resources. Facing a large number of urban poor, the state represented by government officials of various levels and the civil society represented by local gentry-merchants have clearly recognized the widened gap and increased opposition in all social strata and communities while the disintegration was close to cross the bottom line. It will affect the social harmony and cause unrests. Therefore, under their advocacy and support, all kinds of relief and charity institutes come into being and play a positive role in balancing the social wealth, helping the lower class, improving the social justice and maintaining the stability of social order. Translated by Luo Hui from Shilin 史林 (Historical Review), 2006, (2): 77–84     

近年来日本的八旗问题研究综述

本对日本研究八旗问题的情况作了详细介绍。主要涉及及东洋库对有关资料的收藏与整理、名东方学学的研究成果和相应成立的学术研究机构。展示了日本关于八旗问题的研究不断深入,研究人员成果较为丰富的现状,值得我国清史、满族史学界给予高度重视。     

透水气材料在水敏感性文物保护中的应用

部分水敏感性文物,在保护过程中不宜与水直接接触,一般常用不易普及的低压吸力操作台或回潮箱等设备进行保护操作。本文介绍了一项容易普及且使用方便的替代技术,即采用透水气材料对水敏感性文物进行保护处理,并对常用透水气材料、使用方案、应用方向和注意事项进行了归纳总结。