Developing FTIR Microspectroscopy for the Analysis of Animal-Tissue Residues on Stone Tools

The analysis of microscopic residues on stone tools provides one of the most direct ways to reconstruct the functions of such artifacts. However, new methods are needed to strengthen residue identifications based upon visible-light microscopy. In this work, we establish that reflectance Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) can be used to document IR spectra of animal-tissue residues on experimental stone tools. First, we present a set of reflectance FTIRM standards for the most commonly identified animal-tissue residues on stone tools: skin, meat, fat, hair, blood, feather barbules, fish scales, and bone. We provide spectral peak assignments for each residue and demonstrate that high-quality reflectance FTIRM spectra can be generated under ideal circumstances. Second, we document the spectra for these residues when they are located on a stone substrate such as flint or obsidian. We discuss procedures for correcting spectra that are affected by specular reflection and explain the effects of spectral interference from the stone. Our results show that reflectance FTIRM is sensitive to small intra-sample differences in composition. This means that it will record the effects of decomposition in ancient residues. The methodological developments we present here will help lithic residue analysts incorporate in situ reflectance FTIRM into their analysis protocols to strengthen identifications.     

The Integration of VHR Satellite Imagery,GPR Survey and Boring for Archaeological Prospection at the Longcheng Site in Anhui Province,China

This paper is focused on the joint use of non‐invasive and minimal intervention techniques for supporting archaeological prospection. Very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery analysis and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and boring surveys were integrated for the study of the Longcheng site, located near Hefei city in Anhui Province, China, to test their effectiveness and efficiency in prospecting archaeological remains and evaluating their degree of preservation. First, target locations of potential archaeological structures were identified on a WorldView‐2 (WV‐2) satellite image through spatial and radiometric enhancement, interpretation and object‐oriented classification. Second, archaeological features extracted from the WV‐2 imagery were further investigated by a GPR survey that provided detailed cross‐checking information about buried remains. Finally, a subsequent boring survey was conducted across those prospective archaeological structures in order to map the stratigraphic sequences on the basis of colour, compactness and the inclusions contained in the soil, and then to test their correspondence with the GPR data. The boring led to detailed confirmation of the results produced by the remote sensing analyses and GPR surveys, as well as the discovery of datable artefacts. On the basis of all the integrated data, the preliminary layout and structure of the Longcheng site was reconstructed in GIS. Furthermore, the widths, lengths, heights and burial depths of these buried archaeological structures were estimated in detail.     

Application of Kernel Density Estimates to Lead Isotope Compositions of Bronzes from Ningxia,North‐West China

The aim of this paper is to apply kernel density estimates (KDEs) to the visualization and interpretation of lead isotope data from bronze assemblages found along the northern border of central China, here designated as the Arc. New lead isotope analyses of 30 leaded tin–bronze artefacts from the Wangdahu cemetery (c.500–300 bc ) in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, north‐west China, provide the basis for the discussion. By using multivariate KDEs and the calculated likelihood of the overlap, the present work shows that the Wangdahu objects feature a unique linear array of isotope ratios, representing an important element of overall bronzes from the Arc in the first millennium bc . This characteristic isotope signature is fundamentally different from that of Dajing ores in north‐east China, as well from that of early Qin bronzes in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. This suggests that a variety of metal resources were utilized by peoples living in the Arc. The KDE approach thus proves effective at presenting and comparing lead isotope data.     

青铜粉状锈中生物因素的影响

本文探讨了青铜粉状锈中生物因素的影响。实验结果表明：微生物在青铜腐蚀中起了促进作用。     

宋播州冉氏事迹考信录

有宋播州冉氏,冉琎、冉璞兄弟之外,记载无多.明景泰《寰宇通志》、天顺《大明一统志》提及冉从周,亦甚简略,仅言其举嘉熙进士,官珍州守.至于冉氏族属、父子世系、祖籍里居,更多讹误.本文系《宋播州冉彦正墓志考释》的下篇,旨在通过对有宋播州冉氏事迹的考证,澄清播州冉氏信息传播中的记载讹误,在《杨文神道碑》、《宋史》余玠传、《通鉴续编》理宗纪、景泰《寰宇通志》、天顺《大明一统志》等早期少量文献之外,略微补充播州冉氏部分珍贵细节.     

明朝在西藏的统治地位（英文）

During the historic process that Tibet became an inalienable part of China,the Ming dynasty was one of the important phases.The central government of the Ming dynasty,especially Emperors Hongwu and Yongle paid significant attention to governing Tibet.They not only inherited the Yuan dynasty?s rights in Tibet,but also made some adjustments.     

商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬的葬制与葬俗

商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬分为三类,墓葬形制均为长方形或近似长方形的竖穴土坑,均以木棺或棺椁为葬具,随葬有1套或2套青铜礼器,墓葬分布主要见于殷墟地区,墓葬位置大多位于所在墓区或墓组边缘,墓葬排列常见为男女"异穴并葬"。这些情况说明,复合族徽很可能是族氏分化或族氏联姻关系的反映,而不是通常所理解的族组织。     

试论毛宗岗的历史小说观

在古代文学评论界对小说漠视的情况下,毛宗岗以李卓吾评本为基础,对罗贯中的《三国演义》进行了大量的修改、增删,并详加评点,其评点反映了毛宗岗对历史小说的认识,即在结构组织上注重连贯,在事件叙述上不排斥虚构,在人物塑造上倾向于奇绝。     

交汇与融合——《中国文化概况》课讲授探索与体会

中国的文字（汉字）是世界上起源最早的文字之一,中国的语言（汉语）又是世界上使用人数最多的语言,中国文化是世界上最古老的文化之一,且是世界上惟一绵延不绝并一直持续发展的文化。面对国外留学生,如何通过《中国文化概况》课把中国文化通俗易懂地呈现在他们面前,是对外汉语教学的一项重要任务。本文以对外汉语教学实践为例,对此问题进行了深入探讨。     

《百苗图》传世抄本收藏情况概说

《百苗图》是清代绘画记录当时各地苗族的生产、生活、娱乐和习俗等风情的历史图册,是珍贵的历史民族志。“百”是概数,含多之意,并不是指有百幅苗族画图,也不是指有百支苗族。《百苗图》形象再现了苗族支系的繁多和丰富多彩的历史文化,具有重要的历史、艺术和科学价值。《百苗图》原本已佚,后世转抄临摩者众多,据初步查寻,目前在国内外收藏尚存的《百苗图》抄本、印本估计不下100种。主要收藏在中国大陆和台湾各图书馆现藏,在海外如德国、英国、日本等国家的图书馆也有收藏。