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991.
Boureima T. Diamitani 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):55-70
As with many other ethnic groups in Africa, Senufo identity was the creation of the French colonial administration during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In spite of some similarities, those subgroups collectively named Senufo
by the French do not share the same artistic and traditional forms and values. For example, while the Poro association and
the art related to it are the core of the socio-religious organization of the central and southern Senufo, northern Senufo
groups do not have Poro or its associated arts. Northern Senufo groups are invested in the Komo men’s society and its associated
objects like their Mande-speaking neighbours. This is particularly true for the subgroup known as the Tagwa, which has a Komo
male secret association. The Komo is a sacred mask society with great power and authority, inaccessible to the general public,
women and non-circumcised males. This is the most important religious cult of the Tagwa, who have shaped the Komo for their
own tradition and customs. This paper describes my experience as a researcher working on sensitive topics such as secrecy
and sacred objects among my own people: the Tagwa of Burkina Faso. 相似文献
992.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献
993.
Sada Mire 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):71-91
Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue
without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid
organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked
awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and
methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure
for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect
cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target
of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there
is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such
work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management
strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach.
This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission
of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment
of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali
heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras. 相似文献
994.
Archaeological understandings of the Iron Age societies that developed on the East African coast and its hinterland have been
transformed by exploration of locally produced ceramics. During the late first millennium, c. AD 600–900, sites across eastern
Africa are characterized by ceramics known as early Tana Tradition or Triangular-Incised Ware, containing necked jars with
incised decoration and a series of other jar and bowl forms in varying quantities. The recognition of this pan-regional tradition
of pottery, known from an ever-growing number of sites, has been crucial in the reorientation of Swahili research to recognize
the indigenous roots of the cosmopolitan coastal culture. This paper reports on the results of a ceramics project that has
revisited excavated collections from a series of key ETT/TIW sites, analyzing sherds according to a single system and allowing
true cross-site comparison for the first time. The results show regional diversity, in both form and decoration, particularly
in the relative importance of the necked jar types that have come to stand for the early Tana Tradition more generally. While
previous studies have hinted at regional diversity, such conclusions have been subsumed in discussion by the evident similarities
between assemblages. Comparative results are here discussed against the background of previous research at the sites, and
a series of conclusions about overlapping spheres of commonality are presented. Rather than critiquing previous work that
has recognized this ceramic type, we seek to understand the remarkable distribution better by exploring its context and content. 相似文献
995.
996.
Between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and 2, Northeast Africa witnessed migrations of Homo sapiens into Eurasia. Within the context of the aridification of the Sahara, the Nile Valley probably offered a very attractive corridor
into Eurasia. This region and this period are therefore central for the (pre)history of the out-of-Africa peopling of modern
humans. However, there are very few sites from the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic that document these migration events.
In Egypt, the site of Nazlet Khater 4 (NK4), which is related to ancient H. sapiens quarrying activities, is one of them. Its lithic assemblage shows an important laminar component, and this, associated with
its chronological position (ca. 33 ka), means that the site is the most ancient Upper Palaeolithic sites of this region. The
detailed study of the Nazlet Khater 4 lithic material shows that blade production (volumetric reduction) is also associated
with flake production (surface reduction). This technological duality addresses the issue of direct attribution of NK4 to
the Upper Palaeolithic. 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
In the last two and a half decades there have been many advances in the technology available to archaeologists. As new technologies
have been used to challenge previously held hypotheses and expand the capabilities of current research, they also have assisted
the expansion of archaeology to include conflict archaeology. Although there has been a long history of interest in the material
remains of conflict, it is only recently that the necessary tools, methodology, and theoretical approaches have been combined
to allow serious scientific contributions to the holistic study of past human conflict. This article provides an overview
of the origins of conflict archaeology and research that has helped consolidate the subfield into its present form. We examine
the current state of conflict studies and consider what lies ahead for conflict archaeology. 相似文献
1000.
Claude Chapdelaine 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2011,19(2):191-231
The discovery of the royal tombs at Sipán in 1987 propelled Moche archaeology to the forefront of Andean studies. In the last
decade, the study of Moche political organization and ideology through public architecture, cultural remains, funerary patterns,
and iconography has forced the revision of previous conceptions about Moche state formation, urbanism, and the functioning
of this complex society. Major advances in iconography, internal organization of urban centers, temples and domestic architecture,
craft production, and mortuary patterns are embedded in a new chronology that supports a longer development and a more gradual
collapse. The recognition of Moche as the first state in South America is still valid, but its monolithic character is rejected
in favor of several autonomous polities. The number and size of potential Moche states are currently debated, as is the role
of warfare and ideology in Moche state formation. 相似文献