馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理的实践与思考——以上海博物馆为例

馆藏文物预防性保护工作在我国经过了二十余年的系统性研究和应用实践,已经取得了重大进步。近年来,上海博物馆在预防性保护工作中引入风险管理理念,通过明确环境信息、风险评估、风险应对和监督检查的流程,降低文物风险,保障文物安全。本文以上海博物馆的两个临时展览为例,从环境信息统计分析、湿度阈值设定与调控策略选择、材料环境安全性评估、展柜密封性能要求等方面阐述了馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理工作的应用实践和研究思考。     

湖南何家皂北宋墓出土纺织品附着灰蓝色物质的科学分析

出土于湖南衡阳何家皂北宋墓的纺织品上观察发现有灰蓝色固体物质附着,为查明其性质,采用扫描电镜-能谱法、激光拉曼光谱法和X射线衍射法结合能量色散X射线荧光光谱法和光学形貌观察等手段进行科学分析。结果表明,该物质为磷酸亚铁矿物——蓝铁矿[Vivianite:Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)·8H_(2)O],其多形成于富铁、富磷、有机物含量较高且贫硫的缺氧还原沉积环境中,微生物活动亦对其生成有影响。该矿物的发现对墓葬环境特征与保存状态的研究有指示意义,在考古遗存中或可作为判断特殊埋藏条件的标志自生矿物之一。     

莲花纹在西夏石窟藻井中的流变

莲花纹因其独特的造型、丰富的美感、高尚典雅的品格象征,被广泛应用于我国传统装饰纹样中。西夏时期是敦煌石窟艺术的新时期,其装饰纹样出现了新的变化。这一时期,石窟藻井装饰中莲花纹样的流变也出现了新的特征。一是在样式上由平瓣和卷瓣莲花纹逐渐向写实风格的莲花纹演变,二是在位置上由藻井井心逐渐位移到藻井边饰和四披,三是在技法上由以重线辅色向重色辅线演变。藻井装饰中莲花纹样的流变体现了西夏佛教石窟艺术在前期深受唐宋石窟艺术的影响下,逐渐形成了西夏自己的石窟装饰风格,这种变化也是西夏社会历史特别是佛教流派思想在艺术上的体现。     

Overview of Contributions in Geographical Analysis: Waldo Tobler

The academic contributions of Waldo Tobler are noteworthy and significant, spanning essentially all disciplines that involve the study of geographic phenomena. While much attention has been given to his observations of the first law of geography, there is much more substance to his larger body of research. It is especially fitting that this commemorative special issue is appearing in Geographical Analysis as Tobler published extensively in the journal, beginning in the first volume in 1969 up to volume 42 in 2010, making important contributions to quantitative theoretical geography. His research helped to build and sustain the journal, laying the foundation for what is the premier quantitative geography outlet today. This article reviews his publication activity in Geographical Analysis.     

抗战时期重庆马克思主义史家对古代社会史和思想史的研究

抗日战争进入相持阶段后,随着社会形势的变化,马克思主义史学形成了延安、重庆两个中心,因政治环境、革命任务、个人治学领域等诸多因素的作用,重庆马克思主义史学对古代社会史和思想史的研究显示出明显的偏重。重庆马克思主义史家对中国古代社会史的研究,体现出马克思主义史学上承社会史论战的发展轨迹,从这个意义上说,重庆马克思主义史学更多地体现出与此前中国史学发展的连续性和继承性,而重庆马克思主义史家对思想史的研究则直接缘于社会史研究的成果。     

基于新经济地理“3D”框架的旅游经济空间结构特征分析——以长江三角洲地区为例

本文借鉴新经济地理学的"3D"（density，distance，division）框架理论，构建了旅游经济空间"T-3D"分析体系，分别以旅游经济地理集中度、时空距离及旅游联系诠释了旅游经济空间的密度、距离及整合。以长三角地区为例，刻画了旅游经济空间的T-3D特征。研究结果表明：长三角地区各市旅游经济空间密度的数值差异明显，空间分布差异显著，整体呈现"南疏北密"的分布特征；长三角地区旅游经济空间距离总体较优，各城市间距离较近，且差异不大，呈现出"核心-边缘"特征；旅游经济空间整合表现为上海、杭州、苏州三足鼎立之势，呈现出"一核两翼"的区域旅游发展特征。通过对长三角地区的实证分析，验证了旅游经济空间"T-3D"分析体系的有效性。     

气味景观感知对乡村地方依恋的影响机制研究——兼论怀旧的中介作用

气味的作用是潜移默化的，本文在乡村旅游情境下，运用结构方程研究了气味景观感知对于地方依恋的影响作用。研究发现：①乡村气味景观感知显著地正向影响旅游者地方依恋；②乡村气味景观感知对于怀旧有显著的正向影响；③历史怀旧对地方依赖有显著正向影响，个人怀旧对于地方依赖和地方认同均有显著正向影响；④怀旧在气味景观感知和地方依恋之间的中介效应得到验证。研究证实了气味景观的重要作用，明晰了怀旧在乡村旅游体验中的核心地位，对丰富旅游体验和打造乡村旅游景观具有一定的启示意义。     

实验室模拟硅酸盐质文物除盐控盐的可视化研究

针对目前广泛使用的材料吸附除盐和加湿喷雾控盐等方法对含盐硅酸盐质文物可能造成的损伤,采用扫描电子显微镜、电阻仪和高分辨摄影仪等实时在线记录具有显色性质硫酸铜溶液在吸附除盐和水雾控盐加湿干燥过程中文物内部盐带分布的变化。研究结果表明：吸附材料除盐法和表面喷雾控盐法均会加速样品内部盐离子的扩散迁移,在样品中形成双层或多层盐结晶带;所形成的盐结晶带与样品结构特性、盐溶液在样品中的运移和蒸发速率、加湿-干燥频率等因素有关,其中溶液毛细上升高度和样品透气性越好,以及环境温度和盐溶液浓度越高,加湿-干燥频率越快,样品内部的盐带分布变化越明显。材料吸附除盐和水雾控盐等方法加速了盐溶液在样品内部的扩散,促进多层盐带的形成。这些结果对于目前文物保护所采取的除盐控盐技术手段提出了新的挑战。     

河南荥阳官庄遗址陶范物源及制作工艺分析

Guanzhuang site is located in the west of Guanzhuang Village, Gaocun Township, Xingyang City, Henan Province. From the site, more than 3 000 pottery moulds have been unearthed, with various types, including the moulds for containers, tools, chariots, weapons, money and core, etc. According to the types and decorations of pottery moulds and the characteristics of co - existing pottery, the pottery moulds of Guanzhuang site can be divided into two periods—Phase I dating from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and phase TJ considered between the early and middle Spring and Autumn Period. The change of bronze ware styles from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period was important in the development of ancient Chinese bronze wares. Due to the lack of archaeological data, research on pottery moulds during the two - week period was still insufficient; discussion of the important issue of standardizing the sources of raw materials was also relatively weak. Environmental archaeology has relatively mature methods and practices in depositional dynamics, depositional processes and provenance tracing, which could provide new ideas for further in - depth discussions on this issue. In order to understand the material sources and craftsmanship of pottery moulds unearthed from Guanzhuang site in Xingyang, Henan Province, samples of Guanzhuang pottery moulds and natural sedimentary strata were studied using particle size analysis, XRF and petrographic analysis to give the following results. 1) The raw materials for mould - making were taken from the late Pleistocene Malan loess layer under the cultural layer of the site. The Malan loess underwent simple manual elutriation before being used to make pottery moulds. 2) A small amount of plant ash and calcium nodule powder was added during the production process of pottery moulds as an admixture to increase the high - temperature resistance. 3) The inner side of pottery mould for container was mainly made of Malan loess, while the outer one was made of a mixture of Malan loess and river sand with a blending ratio of about 7:5. Pottery moulds for various ware types had different processing techniques (e.g., moulds for containers were more refined). Besides, compared with early pottery moulds, later ones are relatively rougher, but the difference is not obvious. 4) The petrographic characteristics of double - layer container moulds indicate that there are different production processes for the inner and outer sides of mould. The inner side was made of Malan loess with finer particles—below 100 μm—as the raw material after elutriation, and there were traces of directional trimming. The outer one was made of a mixture of two parts of minerals (coarse and fine), and there was no obvious processing trace. Analysis of sample particle size is a new attempt to discuss the material sources of pottery moulds. The related discussion of mud - clarifying ponds is also helpful to understand the function of such relics and the formation process of accumulation in them. This study has important reference significance for exploring the material and craft characteristics of pottery moulds before and after the early Spring and Autumn Period in the Central Plains. © 2023, Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology. All Rights Reserved.     

山东青岛“德国总督楼”旧址琉璃瓦件的釉胎损毁研究

针对青岛“德国总督楼”旧址博物馆最具代表的女儿墙绿色琉璃瓦目前出现的釉层脱落和胎体粉化等不同病变，为探索其原因，采用扫描电子显微-能谱分析、微区X射线衍射分析、热扩散系数分析、热膨胀特性分析以及界面张力分析等，确定琉璃构件釉层和胎体呈层状脱落的主要原因。结果表明：1)琉璃保护材料、釉层和胎体的热扩散、热膨胀以及各界面性能等的差异，使得含磷、铅和钙元素的腐蚀物形成于胎釉界面尤其是釉层冰裂纹延伸区域，造成胎釉界面结合强度降低，冰裂纹扩展并与胎釉结合薄弱处形成的裂缝贯通后，造成釉面呈片层状脱落；2)对于无釉胎体表面的层状剥落，含保护层胎与基体胎界面形成硫酸钙结晶带，造成界面处孔隙增加、颗粒结合降低，推测这是造成琉璃胎体呈片层状脱落的主要因素。本工作从基础性科学研究角度确定琉璃釉层和胎体层状脱落的内在原因，为进一步保护提供科学依据。