藏传佛教造像的几个类型

大乘佛教宣称三世十方有无数佛,并由此将佛推向神话。佛教传入藏区青藏高原时,大乘佛教已成定势,在此基础上产生的藏传佛教自然拥有许多佛。特别是藏传佛教形成时期正是佛教金刚乘极盛时期,藏传佛教在其形成过程中充分吸收了佛教金刚乘教义,因而在藏传佛教中产生了庞大的佛、菩萨、护法神等佛教神像体系。     

河湟地区岁时农谚趣谈

青海的河湟地区,人口稠密,农业发达,传承着包括岁时民俗在内的众多民俗文化。自古以来人们就有观测天气变化,根据寒暑冷暖安排各自的生产和生活的习俗。过去农村有“立杆测时,燃香记时”的做法,如在平地上立一根木棍,当木棍和其阴影对齐时,就到吃中午饭的时间;在村与村轮流浇水时,根据各村地亩数的多少确定燃香株数,由水利委员或公众推举的公平人燃香守候,将预定的香株燃完时,发令更改水口（位）。岁时民俗中的记时一般以农历为准。     

文本话语与行为规范:西藏宗教人物传记的史学史意义

From the perspective of historical anthropology, this article examines a great deal of the biographies of religious figures in Tibetan history, reveals their special way of writing, classification, and circulation. In Tibetan Buddhism, biographies of religious figures are considered as a subject’s demise (lung-rgyun) and have their special meanings. They are the text of the largest quantity in the historical works of Tibet and had great influence on Tibetan historiography. A comprehensive research on their cultural characteristic, historical evolvement and historical influence will help us understand the Tibetan culture in depth. __________ Translated from Shixueshi Yanjiu 史学史研究 (Journal of Historiography), 2007, (4): 67–77     

两汉用玉思想研究之一——辟邪厌胜思想

笔者在对汉代玉器进行综合考察时,发现在丧葬、佩饰、日用及陈设用玉中,有许多玉器无论造型或纹饰都有一定的辟邪厌胜之意。本文通过对这类玉器的研究,试图从玉器角度分析看待当时社会流行的辟邪厌胜思想,辟邪厌胜意义也是汉代用玉思想中的一个重要方面。     

宋代审计三论

宋代发明并使用了审计一词,但在审计实践中使用最为广泛的则是与审计密切相关的审磨、磨勘、点检等词语,这说明宋代对审计的界定既较为科学,又不够彻底。宋代在中央和地方设立了较为专门而具体的审计机构。这是审计发展的重要标志。但缺乏真正独立的审计机构及其体系。宋代通过不断的审计实践和立法,逐步形成和完善了审计的反应、制约、奖惩机制,一定程度上保证了审汁机构的正常运行,但其作用在不同的时期又是有所区别的。     

Reconstructing subsistence at the Yingpanshan and Gaoshan sites in Sichuan province,China: Insights from isotope analysis on bone samples and charred crop remains

During the Neolithic period, the Chengdu Plain was a key region where two important crops, rice and millet, were cultivated together. Millet was probably introduced from north-western China c.3500–3300 cal. bce , and rice came from the Middle Yangtze River c.2600 cal. bce . In this study, human and faunal remains, as well as charred crop grains, were collected from the Yingpanshan (3300–2600 cal. bce ) and Gaoshan (2500–2000 cal. bce ) sites where the dominant crop was millet and rice, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on human bones and the ecofact samples in order to reconstruct the subsistence at the sites. The results indicate that the diets of two individuals recovered from the Yingpanshan site consisted of both C₃- and C₄-based foods, predominantly the former. By contrast, Yingpanshan pigs consumed a large quantity of C₄ fodder. This result, combined with the ecofact evidence, suggests that millet was the main crop at the Yingpanshan site. It also highlights the fact that the two Yingpanshan individuals might be non-locals and/or belonged to later periods. On the other hand, the diet of the Gaoshan community was dominated by C₃-based foods. When considering the archaeobotanical evidence at Baodun, a site contemporaneous with and near to the Gaoshan site, it can be stated that rice was an important food resource for the Gaoshan community. This study also suggests how crops were managed at the two sites. The Yingpanshan people might have used manure for growing millet. Both manuring and irrigation might have also been practised by Gaoshan's rice farmers. However, more studies are required to understand the extent of manuring and irrigation in their agricultural economies.     

“纪念黄遵宪逝世一百周年”国际学术讨论会综述

2005年3月26-28日，由中国社会科学院近代史研究所和中国史学会联合主办的“纪念黄遵宪逝世一百周年”国际学术讨论会在北京召开。约80位来自海内外的学汇聚一堂，就黄遵宪的思想、外交、史学、学等方面的贡献及其在中国近代史上的地位与影响进行了研讨，其中39位学提交了学术论。以下仅就部分学术观点做一介绍。     

试析周代的葬玉对汉代玉衣的影响

随着汉代王侯、贵族墓的不断被发现、发掘,大批珍贵的随葬品的出土,尤其是“玉衣”的出土,引起国内外学者的广泛注目。河北满城中山靖王刘胜夫妇墓中出土了两套完整的金镂玉衣,［１］广州象岗西汉南越王墓中出土了一套完整的丝缕玉衣［２］。据不完全统计,迄今出土完...