浅析“后博物馆”的展示诠释

现代主义思维下的博物馆展示倾向于用权威的声音讲述不容辩驳的"真理",通过建立统一的秩序对观众实行"教化"。20世纪晚期,后现代主义兴起,"一元论"受到质疑,知识转而被视为流动的、可变化的,意义的多元性和复杂性受到重视。面对认识论的剧烈变迁,博物馆所面临的挑战之一在于如何通过合适的诠释呈现多元观点,尊重观众在诠释中的自主性,引导观众进行自由的思考和学习。而"多视角"、"多信息层次"、"多参与性"这三条展示策略,可以针对性地解决上述展示实践中的问题,有助于博物馆探索如何提供多元意义、激发开放式对话的展示诠释方式。     

Folded wheel-made oil lamps,standing pit burial caves and Judaean ethnic identity in the Hasmonean period

ABSTRACT

Two distinct archaeological phenomena appeared between the middle of the second century BCE and the middle of the first century: the Hasmonean folded wheel-made lamp and the standing pit burial cave. Following an examination of their dating, distribution, and social significance we suggest that this material culture was characteristic of the Jews in Judaea during this time and that it reflects the creation of an ethnic identity. The fact that the Hasmonean folded wheel-made lamp and the standing pit burial cave were typical of Jews in Judea indicates that they were ethnic features of Jewish society. By these means the Jews emphasized their dissimilarity from the rest of the population. The archaic appearance of the lamps and the burial caves, which replicates the cultural characteristics of the Kingdom of Judah during the monarchic/first Temple period, indicates that Jewish society in the Hasmonean period sought to legitimize its existence through the use of its former culture and memory.     

中国乡村交通出行与地域系统

交通是乡村地域系统形成的重要内容，也是刻画乡村地域系统特征的关键指标。本文采用住建部全国小城镇调查的村镇居民调查数据，从交通出行视角对我国乡村地域系统特征进行识别和分析。结果表明，村-镇-县逐级体系仍占主导地位，村-县联系成为新趋势；农业相关活动仍以村-镇-县等级为主，但其他活动在村-县间联系比例较高，且东部地区及城市近郊更明显；不同目的出行形成20分钟生活圈；随着村民出行范围扩大，传统乡村地域等级体系将发生较大变化。研究结论对乡村空间规划和乡村基础设施布局等具有重要实践价值。     

长沙走马楼出土饱水竹简的防腐保存

为防止长沙走马楼出土饱水竹简遭受霉菌侵蚀,用观察不同防毒灭菌剂在不同培养基上杀灭和抑制霉菌效果的方法,筛选出菌毒清、霉敌、新洁尔灭和异噻唑啉酮四种防毒灭菌剂。实验结果表明,它们杀灭、抑制霉菌的生长繁殖效果显,有效期长,对物安全,用量少,产品易得,对水中的霉菌和细菌有很好的抑制和杀灭作用,均可作为饱水竹简和漆木器的杀菌、防毒用剂。     

Isotopic Evidence for Camelid Husbandry During the Formative Period at the Pacopampa Site,Peru

ABSTRACT

Camelids were domesticated in the Andean highlands, such as in the puna habitat, and dispersed into lowland areas and the northern Central Andes. As camelids domesticated in a particular region would have had a greater economic benefit than visiting- or hunted wild camelids, it is important to reconstruct the dispersal of camelid husbandry from its initial site throughout the ancient Andean civilisation. We carried out multi-isotope analyses of animal remains recovered from the Pacopampa site to investigate the nature of camelid pastoralism and utilisation. Strontium and oxygen isotope ratios from tooth enamel suggested that camelids in the early Late Formative Period (800–500 BC) were born near the site and remained in the same habitat for up to three years. Although corresponding data for the Middle Formative Period (1200–800 BC) were not available, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were statistically different from those of the Late Formative Period, supporting the possibility that the camelids inhabited the highland plateau like puna. It is inferred that in the northern highlands camelids were initially rare and regarded as either tribute or ritual animals, or they were used as pack animals. Camelid husbandry using maize as fodder began during the Late Formative Period at Pacopampa.     

A rock magnetic record of Pleistocene rainfall variations at the Palaeolithic site of Attirampakkam,Southeastern India

Attirampakkam, an open-air stratified Palaeolithic site in southeastern India is the focus of ongoing studies to investigate the nature of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupation in relation to changing Pleistocene environments. The paucity of faunal or palaeobotanical remains at the site required the use of rock magnetic properties (χ_lf, χ_fd, χ_fd %, χ_ARM, SIRM, χ_ARM/SIRM, SIRM/χ_lf, χ_ARM/χ_lf, χ_ARM/χ_fd, S-ratio, HIRM and HIRM/IRM_300mT) as proxies for deciphering the palaeoenvironments and palaeoclimates of the region. Rock magnetic data from stratified deposits within excavated trenches show that the bulk of the sedimentation was intermittent with no subaerial exposure of sediments for long periods, and points to fluctuating wetter and drier climates associated with the Acheulian to Late Middle Palaeolithic levels. There is a general trend towards a wetter climate from Layer 5 upwards. Layer 7 offers evidence of bacterial magnetite (χ_ARM/χ_lf > 40 and χ_ARM/χ_fd > 1000), suggesting the onset of micro-anaerobic environments as a result of floods. Greigite is indicated in Layer 5 (SIRM/χ_lf > 30 × 10³ A m^?1), which indicates a reducing environment. Layer 2 represents an arid climate (higher proportion of haematite and a coarser magnetic grain size). Layer 1a again is indicative of an arid climate (presence of calcrete, magnetically “hard” minerals and coarser magnetic grain size). Results indicate that the southeast coast of India experienced a mostly dry tropical climate during the Pleistocene. The detected occurrence of a few notably more arid intervals did not disrupt occupation of the site by successive groups of hominins.     

WB1复合气相缓蚀剂对清代带锈铁质钱币文物的保护研究

气相缓蚀剂应用于带锈铁质文物保护是一种简单有效的方法。本研究通过对WB-1气相缓蚀剂处理前后带锈钱币的形貌检测,并结合XRD、XPS、SEM等手段对该缓蚀剂在带锈钱币表面的成膜方式进行了分析研究。结果表明,WB-1气相缓蚀剂能通过化学吸附作用在带锈铁质钱币表面形成一层保护膜,阻挡有害离子向铸铁文物内部的渗透,并促进带锈铁质钱币表面锈层组分向更为稳定的组成转变。WB-1气相缓蚀剂对带锈铁质钱币具有良好的保护效果,且不改变文物外观,符合文物保护要求。