赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的支柱意义研究

历史时期赤水河是“南方丝绸之路”的重要支柱.西汉时期随着唐蒙取道赤水河,赤水河成为西汉王朝在巴蜀向“西南夷”腹地推进的重要军事通道;东汉开始,赤水河流域经济文化较快发展,赤水河成为巴蜀繁盛之地向“西南夷”腹地传播先进文化技术的经济通道;西晋末李氏据蜀,人口锐减,李氏引僚入蜀,赤水河成为牂牁等“西南夷”腹地向巴蜀遗民的民族走廊;唐宋前期赤水河流域经济文化继续发展并留下大量遗迹,赤水河在南方丝绸之路中主要充当经济文化交流通道;南宋后期,因防御蒙古的需要,赤水河则主要充当军事往来通道;明清以来,随着贵州设省及改土归流的推进,赤水河流域开发加快,在川盐入黔、皇木转运、黔铅调运等国家资源调配之下,赤水河流域交通的经济功能凸显,虽然平播之战、平奢之乱、平吴之乱亦有取用赤水河行军,其军事通道的意义相较预经济大通道的重要作用要逊色.当今在“一带一路”战略统筹下,系统考察历史时期赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的属性与价值,让其继续发挥南方丝绸之路支柱作用有着重要意义,可为赤水河流域区域社会的发展带来巨大的“南方丝绸之路”遗产福利.     

贵阳忠烈宫初探:黑神信仰的源流与嬗变

黑神信仰是贵州一个独特的神明信仰,在明清至民国期间兴盛达近六百年之久.其以唐代将领南霁云为神祇,并建庙宇忠烈宫祀奉之,其中影响卓著者首推贵阳忠烈宫.因贵阳忠烈宫在清末民初逐渐演变为黔省近代文教重地达德学校,故有必要从时间与空间两个维度对之进行探究,从而明晰当地黑神信仰的源流、嬗变及其实质.藉此可知,在明清时期,黑神信仰通过官方引导、民间自发两种途径传播与兴起,积极服务于当地的社会控制与社会整合.进入近代,达德学校作为忠烈宫的后继者,在对黑神信仰所彰显的传统美德予以传承的基础上,以科学民主教育对黑神信仰进行了超越.是故,贵阳忠烈宫无疑在过去数百年间对当地社会产生了深远影响.     

Geographies of temporary markets: an anatomy of the Canton Fair

While recent research on temporary clusters and temporary markets has emphasized the knowledge generation processes associated with trade fairs, little is known about the knowledge exchanges that are embedded in market relations at these events. This paper uses the case of the Canton Fair in Guangzhou, the largest trade fair in China, to illustrate that such events do not operate as a single market, but that they generate multiple dynamic market configurations, which entail different flows of knowledge, goods and people. In a typical case study, four types of market configurations are identified that simultaneously develop at this event. The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of market relations, knowledge and transactions in temporary spatial settings.     

The Carving Technology of the Handle‐Shaped Artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc) in China

The handle‐shaped artefact is a special jade object of the Three Dynasties (c.2000–200 bc ) period. The manufacturing technology and function of the handle‐shaped artefacts are widely questioned. In this paper, two handle‐shaped artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc ) are tested by digital microscope, Raman spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be made in four steps, namely rough shape cutting, edge reforming, handle making and single‐side polishing. It also suggests that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be used as sacrificial offerings, but not as hairpins or handles.     

First Evidence Of The Use Of Freshwater Pearls As A Cosmetic In Ancient China: Analysis Of White Makeup Powder From A Northern Song Dynasty Lv Tomb (Lantian,Shaanxi Province,China)

The Lv family tombs in Lantian, Shaanxi Province are one of the most important archaeological sites of China in recent years, providing numerous objects and a wealth of information for the study of the history of the Northern Song dynasty. There were a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed from the tombs, including one porcelain box containing white powder, which was identified as women's makeup. The phase composition, microstructure, thermal properties and characteristics of the trace elements in the unearthed white cosmetic powder were comprehensively analysed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry – thermogravimetry (DSC–TG), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) microscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES). The white makeup powder was determined to be a product made from high‐quality freshwater pearls. These results, for the first time, showed evidence that freshwater pearl powder was used as a cosmetic in ancient China using archaeological objects, providing scientific evidence and new clues to enrich and expand research into the ancient Chinese cosmetic materials.     

Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army

This paper explores the integration of chemical data with metric studies and spatial analyses of archaeological artifacts to investigate questions of specialization, standardization, and production organization behind large-scale technological enterprises. The main analytical focus is placed on the 40,000 bronze arrowheads recovered with the Terracotta Army in the First Emperor’s Mausoleum, Xi’an, China. Based on the identification by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of chemical clusters that correspond to individual metal batches, and combined with a study of their context in the tomb complex, we argue that the manufacture of arrows was organized via a cellular production model with various multi-skilled units rather than as a single production line. This system favored more adaptable and efficient logistical organization that facilitated dynamic cross-craft interaction while maintaining remarkable degrees of standardization. We discuss the use of “the batch” as an analytical category and how our method might be applied to other studies of craft organization in complex societies and imperial systems.     

Fluid effect on hydraulic fracture propagation behavior: a comparison between water and supercritical CO2‐like fluid

The initiation of hydraulic fractures during fluid injection in deep formations can be either engineered or induced unintentionally. Upon injection of CO₂, the pore fluids in deep formations can be changed from oil/saline water to CO₂ or CO₂ dominated. The type of fluid is important not only because the fluid must fracture the rock, but also because rocks saturated with different pore fluids behave differently. We investigated the influence of fluid properties on fracture propagation behavior by using the cohesive zone model in conjunction with a poroelasticity model. Simulation results indicate that the pore pressure fields are very different for different pore fluids even when the initial field conditions and injection schemes (rate and time) are kept the same. Low viscosity fluids with properties of supercritical CO₂ will create relatively thin and much shorter fractures in comparison with fluids exhibiting properties of water under similar injection schemes. Two significant times are recognized during fracture propagation: the time at which a crack ceases opening and the later time point at which a crack ceases propagating. These times are very different for different fluids. Both fluid compressibility and viscosity influence fracture propagation, with viscosity being the more important property. Viscosity can greatly affect hydraulic conductivity and the leak‐off coefficient. This analysis assumes the in‐situ pore fluid and injected fluid are the same and the pore space is 100% saturated by that fluid at the beginning of the simulation.     

From Revanchism to Ambivalence: The Changing Politics of Street Vending in Guangzhou

By focusing on Guangzhou's street‐vending policy transformation, this article explores how exclusionary practices of urban politics in China are undermined by those who it seeks to exclude and the progressive political climate that questions the exclusionary framework. The exclusion of street vendors in Guangzhou has been led by the National Sanitary City campaign as a revanchist project. It has been discovered that while the exclusionary strategies are rendered difficult to operate due to the resistance of street vendors who develop a flexible, individualized and small‐scale activism to maintain their livelihoods, the discourse of social harmony at national level has driven local authorities to seek alternatives expected to alleviate social resistance and address people's livelihoods. However, rather than an overturn of the punitive framework, an ambivalent approach, recognized in a recent critique of revanchism, has been adopted to mediate the tension between the needs to retain attractive city images and address the livelihoods of the poor in Chinese cities.