早期游牧文化起源问题探析

以整个欧亚草原为视角,对比资料相对丰富且具有代表性的内蒙古东南部、萨彦-阿尔泰地区和黑海北岸三个地区畜牧向游牧转变期的材料,对早期游牧起源问题提出自己的一些看法。研究表明,公元前8世纪以前这三个地区都存在自身特色明显、畜牧业发达的遗存,但其中只有萨彦-阿尔泰地区可能已经转变成游牧经济,而内蒙古东南部和黑海地区在同时期可能还没有进入真正的游牧社会。欧亚草原地区各地早期游牧的起源不是同步的,也不是一条直线发展的,最早的游牧很有可能出现在远离发达农业文明且畜牧业发达的草原地带,而与发达农业文明毗邻且与之关系密切的地区游牧则产生的晚一些。     

河北省石家庄市石邑城遗址出土动物遗存的初步研究

文章以石邑城遗址2017年出土的动物骨骼遗存为研究对象,应用种属鉴定、量化统计、年龄结构分析等方法讨论了石邑城遗址先民对动物资源的利用模式;并结合发掘区是手工业区的性质探讨了石邑城遗址先民制骨手工业的生产方式及其特征。     

Capturing spatial patterns of rural landscapes with point cloud

Over the past few decades, rural landscapes have been the subject of increasing international cultural heritage research, and one of the most important issues under investigation at both theoretical and pragmatic levels concerns how to identify the spatial character of rural landscapes for conservation purposes. This article establishes an innovative approach adopting a cultural landscape perspective with the support of point cloud technologies to capture spatial patterns of rural landscapes. This approach was explored by reference to Tunpu villages in Guizhou, China—these being a specific kind of military fortress settlement. Cultural landscape values and landscape characters of Tunpu villages were identified using historical research and document analysis. Aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry and laser scanning systems were combined to collect and process spatial information at environmental, village, and architectural scales. Point cloud models can quantitatively represent villages' spatial patterns and inform the interpretation of their heritage significance. We conclude that the strengths of point cloud technologies could meet the requirements of rural landscape heritage documentation from a cultural landscape perspective. This mixed‐technology approach could also greatly improve the efficiency and precision of traditional rural landscape documentation, which has the potential to change methodologies applied to rural landscape research and management.     

基于空间相互作用模型的近代中国经济区域划分研究

通商口岸制度,是中国近代史上最重要的经济现象。近代中国经济地理学的格局和区域经济差异等内容,可以利用当代经济地理学、GIS技术、经济学等研究方法结合历史数据进行考察。近代中国一百多个通商口岸的发展,逐步形成了沿海、沿江、边疆对外开放的地理格局,为现代化提供了条件,促进了近代资本主义生产方式的空间扩张,也重构了中国的经济区域。为探究近代中国通商口岸影响下的经济区域变化,首先对通商口岸体系子口税贸易在地理空间分布进行探讨,初步界定一些较大通商口岸的影响区域,进而通过数量化和GIS方法,特别是使用空间交互模型得出结论。通商口岸体系是区域经济现代化的代表和系统性的研究对象,直接影响到当代中国的经济地理格局,可对当前中国经济地理区划提供有历史与现实意义的参考。     

Early Holocene palaeoseasonality inferred from the stable isotope composition of Unio shells from Çatalhöyük,Turkey

Seasonal δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O data are presented from 14 Unio sub-fossil shells unearthed at the archaeological site of Çatalhöyük in central Turkey, spanning the occupation period ca. 9150–8000 cal years BP. The shells likely lived in the small lakes/wetlands around the site before being gathered and taken to Çatalhöyük. Wet-dry seasonal cycles are clearly apparent in the δ¹⁸O_shell profiles with low winter values reflecting winter precipitation and high δ¹⁸O in the summer resulting from evaporation. The most striking trend in the δ¹⁸O data is the drop in maximum summer δ¹⁸O ca. 8300 years BP, which we infer as indicating lower summer evaporation and hence a reduction in seasonality. Previous palaeoclimate records from the area have suggested cooler and more arid conditions, with reduced precipitation, around this time. While the drop in summer δ¹⁸O values could be due to reduced summer temperatures reducing summer evaporation, but there was little change in winter δ¹⁸O, perhaps suggesting winter growth cessation or reduced influence of winter climate change on δ¹⁸O. This shift in seasonal climate could be linked to solar-forced climate change beginning ca. 8600 years BP, and enhanced by the regional expression of the 8·2k event. Changing water balance over the occupation period is likely an important contributory factor behind observed cultural changes at Çatalhöyük in the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic period. Our results might be considered to support the fission-fusion farming hypothesis as we provide additional evidence for wet winter/early spring conditions during the Early Holocene which likely caused flooding of the Çar?amba Fan. The changing water balance after ca. 8300 years BP (i.e. reduced seasonality and potentially reduced local summer evaporation) is also coincidental with the proposed end of this farming system due to multi-decadal drought.     

Population Estimation Using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Imagery

An assessment of two groups of approaches for estimating urban population with remote-sensing information is presented in this article. These approaches, zonal and pixel-based models, are applied to Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper images of a portion of Columbus, Ohio , to generate population estimates. The zonal approach uses impervious surface fraction, spectral radiance, and land-use/land-cover classification to derive population estimates. The pixel-based approach uses impervious surface fraction and spectral radiance to estimate the population of residential areas. To assess robustness, these models were applied to Dayton, Ohio . A comparative study indicates that the models generated promising results in estimating regional population counts. However, zonal regression with spectral radiance produced large errors (76%) for census block groups, whereas other models gave significantly better estimation accuracy. Comparing the performance of the indicators, impervious surface fraction is competitive, and slightly but consistently better than land-use classification. In comparison with traditional zonal approaches, pixel-based models give somewhat better estimation accuracy.     

傅维鳞《明书》史事缺略与回避考

《明书》是第一部明代全史,但于晚明史事多有缺略,于明清关系亦有所回避。本文对《明书》具体缺略情况和回避情形进行了考述、分析,希望能为明史研究者更好地利用《明书》提供参考。     

当代留学生与海外华人社会:关于英国诺丁汉华人社会的实证研究

论文以调查问卷作为此次调研的主要手段,以两个既相互联系又有所区别的群体——华人留学生和当地华人居民为研究对象,探讨华人留学生的特点与需求以及华人居民与留学生的共同需求和不同认知。认为留学生不仅是当地华人社会的一个重要组成部分,也是推动华人社会结构调整、组织重构、社会融入等活动的新的动力源泉。留学生与当地社会包括华人社会间存在着交流互动的关系,而不同群体之间存在交往结构及其开放程度的差异,如非大陆留学生比大陆留学生更善于同当地华人居民及非华人团体交往。     

寒区冰雪文化的地理阐释

本文运用文化生态学理论对寒区冰雪文化的形成、特性进行了剖析研究,并在此基础上提出了冰雪文化建设的五大主题。     

论行政区的分类

本文提出了一套适用于所有国家的行政区分类方案,并在此基础上建立了一个理想化的行政区划体系。