Finnish Farmstead Organization in Old And New World Settings

During recent years an increasing amount of scholarly attention has focused upon the assessment of ordinary people, conventional places and common events. Most studies of material culture, however, have been directed toward vernacular and ethnic architecture and artifacts, with relatively little attention given to the physical organization of rural enclaves or entire farmstead units. Undoubtedly studies of farmsteads have been limited in number because of the substantial amount of field survey work that is required, and what is perceived as a lack of primary research materials, both archival and structural. Despite these apparent problems, an assessment of extant rural building groupings and remnants in a Wisconsin Finnish-American community and a perusal of various reference materials revealed sufficient evidence to undertake an in-depth study of farmsteads and their spatial organization. By comparing farmsteads developed by Finnish immigrants in Wisconsin with prototypical examples from Finland, it was possible to determine both differences and similarities in functional and morphological characteristics on both sides of the Atlantic.     

The Nomad as State Builder: Historical Theory and Material Evidence from Mongolia

Theory on nomadic political complexity has largely been based on twentieth century ethnography and numerous historical accounts of the military confederations of pastoral nomads. Over the past two decades, archaeologists have increasingly used material evidence to evaluate ideas about nomadic polities and have added indigenous and local-scale perspectives to an understanding of nomadic political process in many regions across the Old World. One of these is Mongolia, a major center of nomadic state and empire formation, where archaeologists have recently focused attention on an early regional polity that arose at the end of the first millennium BC and is known as the Xiongnu (also Hsiung-nu) state. This paper synthesizes the latest archaeological research on the Xiongnu state in order to evaluate historical models that explain state emergence among nomads on the far eastern steppe. The material record from Mongolia adds the detail and resolution needed to refine existing explanations for Xiongnu state emergence.      

Abstract Cultural Landscapes

Fred B. Kniffen's career as an educator and scholar spanned more than 60 years (1929-1993). The Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University, countless undergraduate and graduate students who had the good fortune to study under his thoughtful guidance, and American academic geography all bear an indelible imprint of Kniffen's eclectic interests, academic leadership, meticulous scholarship and innovative teaching. To generations of students, Kniffen was an exemplary role model and kindly "father figure." His students were encouraged to work in the field. As graduate advisor, he ensured that students were well versed in the history and philosophy of the discipline, as well as possessing a broad understanding of both physical geography and cultural anthropology. As an educator, perhaps his most lasting contribution was the work ethic and genuine love and enthusiasm for geography that he imparted to students.     

Lesions as Therapy: Surgical Intervention in Parkinson's Disease Prior to L-Dopa

The study of Parkinson's disease has undergone vast changes across its almost 200 year history. Over this period, research scientists have added dramatic detail to their understanding both of the motor system in general and the etiology of Parkinson's disease specifically This expanded understanding has been facilitated, particularly, by the work of clinicians with the goal of improving treatments designed to ameliorate its symptoms. This article examines the evolution of one particular clinical approach, the production of lesions to segments of the basal ganglia, from its inception, through its “golden era,” disuse, and rebirth.     

Lessons Learned Along the Way: The Florida Public Archaeology Network after Ten Years

Created by the Florida Legislature in 2004, the Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) has grown into a positive force for preservation, public engagement, and community collaboration in archaeology. This article discusses the genesis of FPAN and how the organization has changed in scope, evolved in mission, and addressed challenges, ideally providing ideas and direction for similar programmes in other locations.     

Book reviews

New Works in Geography

The Holocene: an environmental history. 2nd Edition. Neil Roberts. Pp. 316. Oxford: Blackwells, 1998. 2nd Edition. £17.99 (pbk), ISBN 0 631 18638 7.

The nature of the environment. 4th Edition. Andrew Goudie. Pp. xv + 544. Oxford: Blackwells, 2001. Price £21.99 (pbk), ISBN 0 631 20069 X (pbk).

The human impact on the natural environment. 5th Edition. Andrew Goudie. Pp. xvi + 509. Oxford: Blackwells, 2000. Price £17.99 (pbk), ISBN 0 631 19978 0 (pbk).

Statistical methods for geography. Peter A. Rogerson. Pp. xii + 236. London: Sage, 2001. Price £55.00 (hbk), £17.99 (pbk), ISBN 0 7619 6287 5 (hbk), ISBN 0 7619 6288 3 (pbk).

Introduction to planning practice. Philip Allmendinger, Alan Prior & Jeremy Raemaekers. Pp. x + 439. Chichester: John Wiley, 2000. Price £17.99 (pbk), ISBN 0 471 98522.

A geography of heritage. Brian Graham, G.J. Ashworth & J.E. Tunbridge. Pp. v + 284. London: Arnold, 2000. Price £16.99 (pbk), £45.00 (hbk), ISBN 0 340 67778 3 (pbk), ISBN 0 340 67779 1 (hbk).     

A botanical survey of Scotland

Gauged river runoff records extend only over limited timespans, mostly commencing post‐1940. Historical sources can provide additional material to assist in extending the hydrological record into the nineteenth century and earlier. Such sources vary, however, in the nature of the detail, in their reliability and in their potential use in hydrological reconstruction. This paper outlines the main categories of sources available, subdivided into those which have been authenticated and those of variable reliability.     

The Amundsen expedition to the magnetic pole

AFRICA

Behind God's Back. By N. Farson. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 448. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

EUROPE

The Place‐Names of Nottinghamshire. By J. E. B. Gover, Allen Mawer, and F. M. Stenton. Demy 8vo. Pp. xlii+348. London : Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 21s.

Prehistoric England. By Grahame Clarke. Illustrated. Pp. viii+120. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Lincolnshire in the 17th and 18th Centuries. By Charles Brears. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+192. London : A. Brown and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

AMERICA

The American Empire. A Study of the Outlying Territories of the United States. Edited by William H. Hass. Illustrated. Pp. xi+408. University of Chicago Press, 1940. (Published in Great Britain by the Cambridge University Press Ltd.) Price 24s.

I Lived with the Eskimos. By S. Montague. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+223. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Arctic Pilot. By Walter Gilbert, as told to Kathleen Shackleton. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 256. London : T. Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

ASIA

Old Routes of Western Iran. By Sir Aurel Stein. Illustrated. Imperial 8vo. Pp. xxviii+432. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 42s.

The New Burma. By W. J. Grant. Crown 8vo. Pp. 156. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

AUSTRALASIA

Australia. By Griffith Taylor. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+455. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 21s.

GENERAL

The Story of the Pacific. By H. van Loon. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.315. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Coconut Quest. By J. S. Phillips. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 254. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1940. Price 16s.

Ten Great Mountains. By R. L. G. Irvine. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+213. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Helvellyn to Himalaya. By F. S. Chapman. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+285. London : Chatto and Windus, 1940. Price 18s.

A Long Look Back. By Two Victorians. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 256. London : Seeley Service Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

I Married Adventure. By Osa Johnson. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 376. London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Rolling Home. By Surgeon‐Commander A. G. Bee. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+495. London: Bale, 1940.

Savoy ! Corsica ! Tunis ! By Bernard Newman. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 282. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Courtship and Display among Birds. By C. D. Stonor. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.xv+139. London: Country Life Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Old Morningside. By Wm. Mair. Illustrated. Pp. 40. Edinburgh : John Menzies and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 1s.

English Lakeland. By Doreen Wallace. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+120. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Chiltern Country. By H. J. Massingham. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii + 120. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Middlesex. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+232. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Map Approach to Modern Problems, tgig‐iggg. By W. E. Coysh and A. W. Brown. Small quarto. Pp. 64. London : University Tutorial Press, 1940. Price 2s. 3d.

Elements of Political Geography. By S. van Valkenburgh. With Maps. Imperial 8vo. Pp. xix+401. London: Pitmans Ltd., 1940. Price 18s.

Economic Geography. By C. Colby and A. Foster. Illustrated. Imperial 8vo. Boston (U.S.A.) : Ginn and Co., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Synopsis of the Mineral Resources of Scotland. By M. Macgregor and Others. Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. xxxiii, 59 pages. One Text Figure. H.M. Stationery Office. Price 1s.

A Map Book of Africa and South America. By A. Ferriday. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 1s. 9d.

Outlines of Structural Geology. By E. S. Hills. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. x+172. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 6s. 6d.

Asia and Australia. By A. Mamour. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 348. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1940.

The World and Ourselves. By E. White. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 207. Edinburgh: W. and A. K. Johnston Ltd., 1940. Price 2s. 9d.     

Statistical analysis of a geography examination

The development of North Sea oil and gas resources is related to technological problems, cost and government involvement. Most activity has centred on Norway and Scotland; nevertheless, countries such as France and West Germany, with a lack of indigenous offshore resources, have broken into the offshore supplies market in other sectors.