社会成本分析:制度设置的基本法则——以关于惩戒“包二奶”行为的讨论为例

制度设置必须考虑成本与收益问题。以关于惩戒“包二奶”的讨论为例,“道德派”强调自由与隐私权,主张“把道德的东西还给道德”,“法律派”认为,道德无力时应用法律规范。以成本分析法看,自由与隐私权是社会性的,在家庭仍有社会成本与收益效应时,“包二奶”应得到惩戒,道德惩戒的成本低廉,但在陌生人社会作用有限,法律惩戒成本稍高,但收益可靠。     

明前期“相对宽松”的筑城政策探论——以湖广地区为例

洪武年间,湖广各府级中心城治、西南少数民族等"寇乱"为患地区率皆设立卫所、筑城守御,并辅以巡检司、土司等多重防御力量。在其障护之下,腹里州县安全无虞,实无修固城防之必要。自洪武朝以至宣德朝,湖广地区修筑、维护城池主要限于驻军各地,对于其他众多普通州县并未从严要求,各地不修城的情形相当普遍。正是洪武朝奠定的颇为严密的区域安全防御体系保障了地方安定,为明前期实行这种相对宽松的筑城政策创造了条件。一些学者所谓明代"一贯积极、严厉的"筑城政策似乎并不完全切合明前期的实际。     

清代的清书庶吉士

分派庶吉士学习清书,是清代特有的政治制度之一。其起自顺治,迄于道光,发展过程本身反映了满语在清代政府行政过程中的应用情况和朝廷内部的满汉关系。清书庶吉士设立的初衷,是为了便利满汉之间的交流。初选时,对人员的年龄、体貌有一定的要求。其数量随着朝代更迭发生变化,由于汉语的普遍使用,每科人数由最初的数十员减少至四五员,皇帝对其考查也日益松懈。乾隆之后,清书庶吉士的实际效用日益减少。清书庶吉士与汉书庶吉士在馆选、教习、考试、散馆上均有不同,但出仕后升迁状况并无明显区别。学习满语的汉族庶吉士的满文水平不一,优者足可召对,亦能翻译书籍;劣者往往因此被黜,遂对此政策有所怨言。     

Resettlement in Lao PDR: mobility,resistance and gendered impacts

Villagers in northern Laos have been on the move for generations. Recent changes, however, in the location of their village and their daily mobility patterns differ from what they have experienced before; the government's resettlement programme has changed their livelihoods and made them more socially and economically vulnerable. The ethnic groups we studied have decided to use mobility to resist state control and seek livelihood security for themselves. By using the concept of motility, this article analyses how this household and community choices have a gender-differentiated impact. The mobility patterns of men and women have changed. While men attend to long-term investments, women are forced to make ends meet on a day-to-day basis. Men visit the market and public places more frequently, while women spend more time looking for non-timber forest products and working as hired labour. Although women now support the family and their mobility has increased, their say in the household seems to be on the decline, resulting in weakening women's motility.     

Potential Use of Foamed Mortar (FM) for Thermal Upgrading of Chinese Traditional Hui-Style Residences

The Hui-style residence is an important architectural heritage of China. The hollow wall structures are widely used to build its exterior wall system. However, the thermal performance of the hollow wall is no longer able to meet the new energy-saving and environmental requirement. This article describes a laboratory study of the development of foamed mortar (FM), with the potential for use in thermal upgrading of the Hui-style hollow wall system without dramatically changing its traditional structure. The key early age, physical, mechanical and thermal properties were systematically measured. Two extended models were respectively developed to calculate compressive strength and thermal conductivity, as a function of porosity. Environment chamber test was also employed to investigate the effectiveness of this novel thermal upgrading approach and the results show that filling the voids with FM can effectively improve the overall thermal resistance of the hollow wall system by 44%, which is almost equal to the overall thermal resistance when using the more expensive commercial inorganic stucco system. In addition, the combination of these two methods yielded an overall thermal resistance of 0.701 m²·K/W, which is even higher than 0.67 m²·K/W for the code required in the hot summer/cold winter climate zone.     

1964年中苏第一轮边界谈判的历程及基本经验

20世纪60年代初,随着中苏两国关系的全面恶化,以往一直保持平静的边境地区也开始出现紧张局势。有鉴于此,中方主动提出通过外交谈判来解决边界争端,却被苏方拒绝。一直到1964年年初赫鲁晓夫发起新一轮的"和平攻势"后,苏方才接受中方建议,开始第一轮副部长级的边界谈判。在中苏意识形态论战、两国边界问题的历史纠葛、复杂多变的国际局势等综合因素的影响下,谈判进行得十分艰难,最终也未能签订任何协议,这种情况的出现有其历史必然性。不过,在两国交恶的情况下,中苏第一轮边界谈判所取得的经验为两国最终解决边界问题奠定了一定的基础。     

AN ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SHELTER ESTABLISHED ON THE SNOWY HIGHLAND

<正>On the snowy highland,the splendid view of mountains and waters vie with each other;the birds and beasts stroll idly as in a courtyard,and the flourishing woods and grasses stretch as far as the eyes can see.Is"Shambhala"a fairyland?Over the years,the central government and Tibet have focused on protecting the highland ecology and have attained impressive achievements.Under the blue sky     

Bayesian Parameter Identification and Model Selection for Normalized Modulus Reduction Curves of Soils

This work develops a procedure that involves the use of Bayesian approach to quantify data scatterness, estimates the optimal values of model parameters, and selects the most appropriate model for the construction of normalized modulus reduction curves of soils. The proposed procedure is then demonstrated using real observation data based on a set of comprehensive resonant column tests on coarse-grained soils conducted in the study.     

Does clean air increase the demand for the consumer city? Evidence from Beijing

Cities offer a large menu of possible employment and leisure opportunities. The gains from such consumer city leisure are likely to be lower on more polluted days. We study the association between daily consumption activity and outdoor air pollution in China and find evidence in favor of the hypothesis that clean air and leaving one's home for leisure trips are complements. Given the high levels of air pollution in cities in the developing world, regulation induced improvement in environmental quality is likely to further stimulate demand for the consumer city.