Chiang Kai-shek and the 1947 Reorganization of the National Government

When the Guomindang (GMD) took charge in 1927, it implemented the “political tutelage” system. Participation of other parties in politics was disallowed. But after the Anti-Japanese War (1937–45), under the combined effect of internal and external pressure, the GMD needed to adopt a constitution, reorganize government and establish multi-party participation. The April 1947 governmental reorganization was the starting point of a transformation from a “political tutelage” system to a constitutional system. Though this reorganization introduced many non-GMD members into the government, it did not change the GMD’s one-party dominance. Its desired transformation of China from one-party “political tutelage” into a constitutional democracy still remained limited.     

长沙风篷岭汉代漆器制作工艺中淀粉胶黏剂的分析

为研究汉代髹漆工艺中是否含有淀粉粘结剂,利用淀粉粒分析方法提取了长沙风篷岭汉墓出土的漆器残片中的残留物.实验结果显示:在偏光显微镜下观察到具有十字消光特性的淀粉颗粒,粒度大小在13至25μm,且有加热糊化的现象,加热温度在60至80℃,加热时间大约在30min以内.本实验证实在汉代漆器制作过程中使用了淀粉作为粘结剂,为研究汉代漆器的制作工艺提供了新的科学方法.     

始终不渝地坚持和发展中国特色社会主义

旗帜问题至关重要,道路问题事关全局。在当代中国,只有中国特色社会主义才能发展中国,才能实现现代化,实现中华民族的伟大复兴。坚持中国特色社会主义道路,就是坚持社会主义。坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系,就是坚持马克思主义。     

论蜀式戈的南传——西南地区青铜戈的再研究

西南地区的青铜戈根据其分布的区域与器型特征可以分为若干个系统,但它们都与蜀式青铜戈有着密切的"血缘"关系,从考古器型学角度观察,它们在形制上都以蜀式戈为"祖形"。蜀式戈向南传播存在两种不同的形式,并形成了四个不同时期的辐射圈。透过蜀式戈的南传可以寻找出蜀文化在历史上逐渐向南传播的过程与路线,并不同程度地影响了西南地区各青铜文化。     

社会成本分析:制度设置的基本法则——以关于惩戒“包二奶”行为的讨论为例

制度设置必须考虑成本与收益问题。以关于惩戒“包二奶”的讨论为例,“道德派”强调自由与隐私权,主张“把道德的东西还给道德”,“法律派”认为,道德无力时应用法律规范。以成本分析法看,自由与隐私权是社会性的,在家庭仍有社会成本与收益效应时,“包二奶”应得到惩戒,道德惩戒的成本低廉,但在陌生人社会作用有限,法律惩戒成本稍高,但收益可靠。     

明前期“相对宽松”的筑城政策探论——以湖广地区为例

洪武年间,湖广各府级中心城治、西南少数民族等"寇乱"为患地区率皆设立卫所、筑城守御,并辅以巡检司、土司等多重防御力量。在其障护之下,腹里州县安全无虞,实无修固城防之必要。自洪武朝以至宣德朝,湖广地区修筑、维护城池主要限于驻军各地,对于其他众多普通州县并未从严要求,各地不修城的情形相当普遍。正是洪武朝奠定的颇为严密的区域安全防御体系保障了地方安定,为明前期实行这种相对宽松的筑城政策创造了条件。一些学者所谓明代"一贯积极、严厉的"筑城政策似乎并不完全切合明前期的实际。     

清代的清书庶吉士

分派庶吉士学习清书,是清代特有的政治制度之一。其起自顺治,迄于道光,发展过程本身反映了满语在清代政府行政过程中的应用情况和朝廷内部的满汉关系。清书庶吉士设立的初衷,是为了便利满汉之间的交流。初选时,对人员的年龄、体貌有一定的要求。其数量随着朝代更迭发生变化,由于汉语的普遍使用,每科人数由最初的数十员减少至四五员,皇帝对其考查也日益松懈。乾隆之后,清书庶吉士的实际效用日益减少。清书庶吉士与汉书庶吉士在馆选、教习、考试、散馆上均有不同,但出仕后升迁状况并无明显区别。学习满语的汉族庶吉士的满文水平不一,优者足可召对,亦能翻译书籍;劣者往往因此被黜,遂对此政策有所怨言。     

Resettlement in Lao PDR: mobility,resistance and gendered impacts

Villagers in northern Laos have been on the move for generations. Recent changes, however, in the location of their village and their daily mobility patterns differ from what they have experienced before; the government's resettlement programme has changed their livelihoods and made them more socially and economically vulnerable. The ethnic groups we studied have decided to use mobility to resist state control and seek livelihood security for themselves. By using the concept of motility, this article analyses how this household and community choices have a gender-differentiated impact. The mobility patterns of men and women have changed. While men attend to long-term investments, women are forced to make ends meet on a day-to-day basis. Men visit the market and public places more frequently, while women spend more time looking for non-timber forest products and working as hired labour. Although women now support the family and their mobility has increased, their say in the household seems to be on the decline, resulting in weakening women's motility.     

1964年中苏第一轮边界谈判的历程及基本经验

20世纪60年代初,随着中苏两国关系的全面恶化,以往一直保持平静的边境地区也开始出现紧张局势。有鉴于此,中方主动提出通过外交谈判来解决边界争端,却被苏方拒绝。一直到1964年年初赫鲁晓夫发起新一轮的"和平攻势"后,苏方才接受中方建议,开始第一轮副部长级的边界谈判。在中苏意识形态论战、两国边界问题的历史纠葛、复杂多变的国际局势等综合因素的影响下,谈判进行得十分艰难,最终也未能签订任何协议,这种情况的出现有其历史必然性。不过,在两国交恶的情况下,中苏第一轮边界谈判所取得的经验为两国最终解决边界问题奠定了一定的基础。     

A Path to “Emergent Peace” in Northeast Asia: The Shadow of the Past Matters

This article explores the possibility of institutional multilateralism in Northeast Asia from the perspective of “emergent peace”. The main argument of the article is that a self-organising peace process arising from institutional multilateralism is constrained and enabled by the existing “morphogenetic fields”, the formative social spheres of collective action. Similar ideas or initiatives that are pursued by an agent/agents may result in different consequences depending on the characteristics of the morphogenetic fields. This argument is examined through two case studies. The first is Jean Monnet in Europe, who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the other is Ahn Jung-geun in Northeast Asia, who proposed the detailed ideas of pan-Asianism akin to Monnet but failed to play a role as an agent. The case studies demonstrate that the feature of the morphogenetic fields is determined by the characteristics of embedded agency at a critical juncture, while the agency is bounded by the particular spatial and temporal conditions of the morphogenetic fields. In search of an emergent peace process in Northeast Asia, this article particularly highlights the Six-Party Talks, arguing that they are a by-product of, and an alternative to, the San Francisco System.