“明线刻司马迁骨质牌饰”考辨

馆藏牌饰,原名有误,应为明线刻司马迁骨质牌饰。本文从用材、画像、书刻、圈椅等方面进行考证,均具有明代特征。正面线刻人物与背面刻书互为印证,反映同一主题,即"史圣"司马迁。刻书内容广博,用《龙门史》喻《史记》,并与汉代诸家相较,无以比肩。牌饰正面所表现的圈椅,在已发表的家具资料中不见,为研究明式家具提供了新资料。牌饰材质的探讨也为区别牙质与骨质提供了范例。     

古代铁器腐蚀产物的结构特征

运用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和穆斯堡尔谱分析方法,对河南渑池出土的T_1H_1∶250汉代铁斧表面腐蚀物进行了研究。提出了铁器文物抗腐蚀的原因在于表面氧化膜具有结构上的连续性、改密而不破损。铁器文物最理想的保存环境应该是碱性、干燥无水、无硫、氯等有害元素。     

Neighbourhood food environments revisited: When food deserts meet food swamps

This study uses service area–based coverage and various count regression methods to assess neighbourhood-level healthy and unhealthy food environments, and food access associated with different socio-economic groups in Edmonton, Canada. We identify three types of vulnerable neighbourhoods according to different food environments: food deserts (i.e., neighbourhoods lack sufficient access to healthy foods); food swamps (i.e., neighbourhoods have excess access to unhealthy foods); and those with overlaps of food swamps and food deserts. We also identify neighbourhoods with superior access to healthy foods (i.e., food oases). Additionally, our results from regression analyses indicate: (1) child population is negatively associated with both healthy and unhealthy food resources; (2) good access to public transportation is associated with good coverage of all healthy food outlets and convenience stores; and (3) deprived neighbourhoods with higher percentages of minority populations have better coverage of both healthy and unhealthy foods in general. The results from this study can help the City of Edmonton identify the key neighbourhoods with high potential for local business and the hotspot neighbourhoods that require particular support. Tailored strategies are proposed to effectively and efficiently improve food environments with limited resources.     

TOWARD A MULTIDIRECTIONAL FUTURE OF HISTORIOGRAPHY: GLOBALITY,INTERDISCIPLINARITY, AND POSTHUMANITY

Compared with the survey offered in the New Perspectives on Historical Writing nearly three decades earlier, historical practices around the world today have witnessed a remarkable change on several fronts. First, marked expansions occurred in such fields as gender history, history of memory, history of knowledge, and visual history, resulting in their noticeable transformation (for example, “gender history” to “history of sexuality” and “visual history” to “history of things”). Second, by exploring and presenting the “other(s)” in modern historiography, new areas are opened up in postcolonial history, global history, emotions history, and so on, which have prompted historians to reconceptualize their notions of time and space. Third, menacing global climate change and notable breakthroughs in various areas of modern technology have exerted an unprecedented impact on historical writing, exemplified by the new developments in environmental history, neurohistory, digital history, and animal history. Science and technology help historians to rejuvenate their research methodology and teaching pedagogy, but they have also demanded that historians acquire a better understanding of the interaction and co-evolution of humans and nonhumans in history, or to take the nonanthropocentric and nonanthropomorphic approach. In sum, what lies ahead for historians and history students today is a multidirectional future, which is at once an opportunity and a challenge.     

禹之鼎《王翚骑牛南还图》考略

世传清初著名画家王翚的肖像不止一幅,但真正能够反映其形神的作品,是与他相识多年、以肖像画称著的禹之鼎所绘《骑牛南还图》。本文通过叙述王翚请禹之鼎创作《骑牛南还图》与遍邀名流、友朋题诗的情况,阐释了像主和创作者各自的企望,同时,画家对像主还乡心情的体会深刻,也终令画作得以完美呈现。     

宫殿而林壑——乾隆皇帝乐寿堂与颐和轩的陈设理念

根据档案记载,紫禁城内乐寿堂院中设有山子,山子仿清漪园乐寿堂前的"青芝岫",园林中的陈设被搬到了宫殿里。本文以此为出发点,对乐寿堂陈设及其理念作了详细考证,此外作者对乐寿堂和颐和轩的对联加以深入分析,厘清了春与仁、与寿、与山之间的关系。揭示了乾隆皇帝意图通过宫殿园林化实现长寿的终极目的。     

唐玉门关地望新探——基于历史文献与考古遗存互证

在实地调查的基础上,根据传世典籍和出土文献的记载,结合年代测定、考古发现和遥感影像资料,通过空间分析,作者认为唐玉门关和墨离军驻地应在河西走廊西段的常乐故城,即今瓜州县“六工古城”遗址。这里是丝绸之路的交通枢纽,是西域出入口的重要关卡,亦即北魏时期新开伊吾道的起首。唐代玉门关地处疏勒河和榆林河下游洪积冲积扇缘的古绿洲,地貌和水资源等地理环境因素是制约关城选址的基础条件,而政治、军事等人文地理因素则是决定玉门关时空变迁的关键。     

思想与行动的距离——中国古代自然资源与环境保护概观

中国古代先后两度出现性质相当不同的资源环境困境。第一次是西周至秦汉时期,主要表现为山林川泽自然资源不敷利用,资源困境的忧思催生了早熟的自然资源保护思想理论和礼法制度。第二次是清朝中期以后,“人口爆炸”造成的巨大资源(特别是土地)危机和生存压力,使18世纪末期(1790年)成为历史上的环境拐点,山区毁林开垦迅速显现出恶劣的环境后果,促使当时社会展开以山林保护为重点的环境保护思考和行动。两者之间是一个思想与行动都显得相对平淡和迟滞的阶段,但也有若干历史情节值得特别注意:一是围绕山林川泽之利,发生了国家从“专山泽之利”到放弃山泽垄断的制度变化;二是先秦诸子的自然观念和资源保护思想,在宋明理学中得到了一次明显升华。     

Disability and Social Inclusion: The Blind Songstress in Early Twentieth-Century Guangzhou

This article examines disability as a contested notion of social inclusion by focusing on the blind songstress (guji) in early twentieth-century Guangzhou (Canton). Through personal memoirs, the print press, and institutional documents, this article reconstructs the social life of guji as their experiences intersected with professional community, workplace, and charity. First, I show that the adoption of blind girls from families into training guilds managed by veteran guji was a chosen kinship strategy for blind women since the late Qing period. Second, the commercial sponsorship of guji following the establishment of the Republic not only expanded working opportunities for blind women but also exposed their vulnerability to male-dominated entertainment spheres. Third, the reformist critique of guji as an inappropriate form of sex-related consumption pushed the nascent military government to collaborate with foreign missionaries in “rescuing” blind girls from their professional households. The experiences of guji thus reveal competing ideas of what qualified a disabled person to become a member of society at the beginning of the twentieth century, as work-based inclusion gave way to charitable inclusion as an outcome of shifting social attitudes toward the employment of women with disabilities.