“Biblical” bronze coins: new insights into their timing and attribution using copper and lead isotopes

Ancient Judaean bronze coins are important for reconstructing the timing of events, for their cultural information, and for understanding alliances in the Eastern Mediterranean as Roman influence replaced the Hellenic Empires. Isotopic analyses of metals important in archaeology have become increasingly routine using multiple collector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. A relatively nondestructive acid swab method for the isotopic analysis of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in bronze is described and tested for various isotopic sampling biases. The method is used to examine changes over time in fiduciary metal sources in the Levant during the first centuries bce and ce. The metal sources, timing, and attribution of Judaean “widow's mites” (ca. 80–40?bce) and the bronze coins of Roman governors Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate under Tiberius (14–37?ce) are used to illustrate how changes in the isotopes of Pb (widow's mites) and Cu (Roman governors) can be used to elucidate the compositional chronology of archaeological bronzes from this region and period.     

Charting the East European process of transformation

Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. By Ivan T. Berend (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Cambridge Studies in Modern Economic History, xviii + 414 pp. £45.00 cloth.

The Transition in Eastern Europe, vol. 2: Restructuring: A National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report. Edited by Olivier Jean Blanchard, Kenneth A. Froot, and Jeffrey D. Sachs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) £38.50/$55.25 cloth.

Children of Atlantis: Voices from the former Yugoslavia. Edited by Zdenko Lesic. (Budapest, London, and New York: Central European University Press, 1995 and Oxford University Press, 1997) 183 pp. £7.99 paper.     

The Optimal Nodal Location of Public Facilities With Price-Sensitive Demand

The purpose of this paper is to present some models for the location of public facilities in nodal networks that explicitly maximize social welfare by accounting for price-elastic demand functions. The models presented here are general; yet they are mathematically equivalent to the plant location problem and are therefore amenable to solution procedures developed for the plant location problem. The models presented here distinguish between two institutional environments that reflect the degree of power of the consumer to choose which facility to patronize. If consumers can be assigned arbitrarily to facilities and can be denied service, then the environment is one of public fiat. If consumers must be served at the facility of their choice, then a “serve-allcomers” environment exists. Separate models for each environment are specified, and the relationship between optimal assignments and pricing policies is developed.     

Freie GIS-Software

Angewandte Geographie hat oft mit Datenverarbeitung und speziell mit Geoinformationsverarbeitung zu tun. Geographische Informationssysteme werden seit über 30 Jahren im professionellen Umfeld eingesetzt –üblicherweise in der Form von herstellerabh?ngigen, an Nutzungsvereinbarungen gebundenen und mit (hohen) Lizenzkosten verbundenen Programmen (aktuelle übersicht: Buhmann/Wiesel 2001). In der Regel sind diese als propriet?r zu bezeichnenden Software-Pakete fachlich ausgereift. Es entstehen aber für den Nutzer auch einige Nachteile, z.B.: Die Programme k?nnen üblicherweise nicht beliebig für bestimmte Zwecke angepa?t werden; ein (teilweise aufwendiges) Lizenzmanagement behindert beliebige Verfügbarkeit auf allen Rechnern. Lizenzkosten fallen oft nicht einmalig, sondern periodisch an. Die Free Software Foundation ( FSF 2002 a) hat mit der F?rderung der Entwicklung Freier Software eine Alternative er?ffnet.     

位于尼姆鲁德遗址的亚述那西尔帕二世的卡拉克西北宫殿中的新亚述浅浮雕彩绘．慕尼黑的研究成果

路德维格一世在1825—1848年间任巴伐利亚的国王,1863年他从尼姆鲁德遗址获得了7个浅浮雕艺术品。最近进行的对这些浮雕作品的修复使得其上残留的原始彩绘重新被人们发现,本文讨论了对这些原始彩绘面貌进行重现的可能性及存在的相关问题。     

Glass on the Amber Road: the chemical composition of glass beads from the Bronze Age in Poland

The article discusses the chemical composition of 56 glass samples from 52 beads found in Poland at 13 archaeological sites (mainly cemeteries). The artefacts have been dated to the II–V period of the Bronze Age (=phases BzB–HaB; c. 1600–750/700 bc). The LA-ICP-MS method was applied. Two groups were distinguished in this assemblage based on a comparison of the MgO to K₂O ratio in glass: (i) high magnesium glass (HMG)—23; and (ii) low magnesium and high potassium glass (LMHK)—33 (29 matrix glass specimens and 4 decorative). In southern Poland, beads made of HMG and LMHK are often found in the same cemeteries. Analyses have shown that HMG was most probably made in Mesopotamia and that at least one cobalt glass is of Egyptian provenance. LMHK glass was made in Europe, most probably in Italy. Also, Italy was the most probable transit point for artefacts made of HMG en route to East-Central Europe.     

Ein Zeichen fur den Herrscher - Gottes Zeichen fur Ahas in Jesaja 7,10-17

Das Konig Ahas vom Propheten Jesaja in Jes 7,14-17 gewahrte Zeichen wird aus seinem Kontext herausgedeutet. Dabei wird eine Abfolge von sich thematisch entsprechenden und inhaltlich erganzenden Gottesworten in Jes 7 und 8 hervorgehoben, die alle den Sinn haben, Konig Ahas den Untergang der syrisch-ephraimitischen Koalition und den Bestand des davidischen Konigshauses in Jerusalem zuzusprechen. Das Immanuel-Zeichen erhalt in diesem Zusammenhang die Funktion eines Bestatigungszeichens. Der Form nach handelt es sich um ein Heilszeichen. Zu der bedeutenden Person fur die Zukunft Judas wird Immanuel erst durch die literarische Erweiterung der Ansage.