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Hans Heinz Holz 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》2002,25(2):81-92
Since the concept of reality has been dominated by the methods of modern natural science, the criteria of precision have been restricted to exact measurement, i.e. quantification required by experimental science and technology. In premodern times, however, the paradigm according to which reality was conceived, designed a universal correspondence of substances and processes by the construction of analogies. These had a kind of ‘semantical’ precision, though different from mathematical, nevertheless in the end leading to mathematical proportionality. This premodern type of precision is explained by examples from Anaximenes and Plato. 相似文献
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古代颜料的科学分析一直是考古学研究和艺术史研究的重要内容,分析和确定颜料的矿物成分,对于中国古代科技史研究具有很重要的意义。本工作利用扫描电子显微镜和激光拉曼显微镜对玉门火烧沟遗址出土的红黄色颜料进行了分析,确定了红黄色混合颜料是雄黄、拟雄黄、三氧化二砷、硫磺与石膏的混合物。 相似文献
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Heinz Peter Brogiato Bernhard Fritscher Ute Wardenga 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》2005,28(3):237-254
Visualization in 19th‐century German geography: Robert Schlagintweit and Hans Meyer as examples. – Visual representations of nature formed an essential part of 19th‐century earth sciences. In particular, colonial photography – as a visual source, and as an instrument of the construction of national identities – serves essential research interests of current history and social sciences. The present paper is a case study on the role and function of photography in German geography of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It focuses on the work of the Munich geographer Robert Schlagintweit (1833–1885) and the Leipzig colonial geographer Hans Meyer (1858–1929); the early history of photography in India and the function of images in the geographical exploration of overseas territories are discussed. Although there is nearly half a century between the work of R. Schlagintweit and H. Meyer, their photography shows remarkable parallels. The ideas of both on the practice of visualization are rooted in pedagogic and didactic concepts as well as in popular science. For both geographers photography was essentially a technical help, which often needed graphic revisions. And they both preferred photography to depict people and buildings (compared, for instance, to landscapes). Concerning the more comprehensive question of how far their photography transmitted a specific German ‘image of abroad’, it is indicated that such a specific image should have its essential roots in a peculiar visual culture of German earth sciences in the first half of the 19th century. Thus the paper offers a starting point for further studies discussing the change from a ‘Biedermeier image’ of foreign cultures to a more ‘colonial’ one in 19th‐century German geography. 相似文献
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考古出土物的长期保存是一项研究主题,保护的问题在于考古出土物的内部结构在失去稳定性前得到处理:秦俑彩绘保护是一个典型例子,因为彩绘底层容易从基体脱离。解决问题的方法是:让HEMA(羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)单体渗透到内部并利用电子束辐照聚合。这样,就会得到牢固的加固层。表面的聚合过程会由于空气氧化作用而停止,并形成自然加固表面。然而,缓慢的扩散作用会导致保护处理后出现亮瘫。在加入了甘油甲基丙烯酸酯后,整个电子束加固过程得到有效控制;这种单体的有效合成为加固的先决条件。恰当的GMA和HEMA配比以及电子束辐照处理,可形成具有一定弹性、不玄光、不发粘的加固表面,并具有长期的稳定性。另外,其加入可以有效降低辐照剂量至之前的一半。其极性加固材料可使考古出土物在高湿条件下也具有长期的稳定性。因而对解决其他考古问题也有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
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Ingmar Unkel Markus Reindel Hermann Gorbahn Johny Isla Cuadrado Bernd Kromer Volker Sossna 《Journal of archaeological science》2012
Before the arrival of the Spaniards in Peru in 1532, many different societies flourished in the coastal desert of southern Peru. Of these, one of the best known is the Nasca culture (living in the area between about 260 cal BC and 640 cal BC.), which created the famous geoglyphs on the desert floor. In this paper we present a numerical chronology for the cultural development in the valleys of Palpa, in the northern part of the Nazca region, which spans the time from the Archaic Period (starting there around 3760 cal BC) to the Late Intermediate Period (terminating with the arrival of the Spaniards in 1532 AD). The chronology is based on more than 150 14C samples collected by our project from well-documented archaeological excavations of 17 different sites in and around Palpa. Thanks to the advanced AMS-14C dating technique, demanding only few milligrams of organic material, we could focus on samples of plants, like beans, corn, or reed, representing single years of growth or use, and also on delicate materials like straw from clay bricks (adobe) and textiles. All single 14C dates were combined to cultural phases using a Bayesian statistical model, implementing the a priori information of the archaeological contexts, and adopting the relative ceramic chronologies available for this area. 相似文献