Can salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) be identified to species using vertebral morphometrics?

Remains of anadromous Pacific salmon and trout (genus Oncorhynchus) are common in archaeological sites from California to Alaska; however, morphological similarity generally precludes species identification, limiting the range of questions that salmonid remains can address in relation to past human use and ongoing efforts in conservation biology. We developed a relatively simple, rapid, and non-destructive way to classify salmon and trout vertebrae from archaeological contexts to species using length, height and the ratio of length to height. Modern reference material was obtained from all seven anadromous Oncorhynchus species native to the west coast of North America. A minimum of ten adult Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum (Oncorhynchus keta), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were skeletonized and vertebra length and height were measured. Morphometric analyses compared species classification success based on Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), and randomForest, with CART performing the best. Classification analyses used all seven species individually, but because of considerable overlap among several species we also conducted analyses on four species groupings. We assigned Chinook salmon and cutthroat to their own groups based on their dissimilarities from each other and the other species. The remaining species were divided into two group complexes (a) chum, coho, and steelhead; and (b) pink and sockeye. When we grouped species according to similar morphology, CART overall success rates increased, ranging from 92 to 100%. Individual species with the highest successful classification rates using CART were Chinook salmon and cutthroat, from 92 to 100%, respectively. We applied our classification to an assemblage of ancient (1000–3000 year old) salmonid vertebrae from the Swiftwater Rockshelters excavations on the upper Wenatchee River in Washington State, U.S.A.     

Textiles as the Face of Modernity: Artistry and Industry in Mid-Century America

This article examines the rise of a new profession of textile designer-intermediary in mid-twentieth-century America in light of the nation’s advancements in textile production, design, display and promotion. Unlike William Morris’s nineteenth-century call for a return to handcrafts to combat the evils of the British Industrial Revolution, American textiles were promoted as the face of modernity to reflect and exploit the miracles of technology. Emerging from these developments came the ‘Super Designers’ and ‘Techno-Craftsmen’, as designers Jack Lenor Larsen and Boris Kroll referred to them, who united handcraft sensibilities with good design and mass production.¹ These traits were also shared by weavers such as Anni Albers, Dorothy Liebes and Marianne Strengell, and designers of printed textiles such as Alexander Girard and Alvin Lustig. Despite an increasing reliance on mechanization, their textiles provided a human element — through texture, colour, pattern and connections to the past — to foil the threat of robotic mass production and mindless monotony. Working as corporate heads, industrial consultants, cultural ambassadors and textile collectors and connoisseurs, these designers emphasized in their work and writing the value of well-designed textiles for both visual and utilitarian purposes, collectively advancing contemporary textiles as ideal representatives of modern American design.     

La théorie des éléments de Christophorus Clavius et l'idée du globe terraqué

Christophorus Clavius' Theory of the Elements and the Idea of the Terraqueous Globe. The need to reconcile Aristotle's theory of elementary spheres with the evidence of earth above sea level – the so‐called ‘terra firma’ – induced an important conceptual shift. As a consequence anti‐Aristotelian arguments were brought to the fore in order to be incorporated into the very same Aristotelian tradition. The German Jesuit Christophorus Clavius played a momentous role in this process. He introduced the idea of the terraqueous globe into the Scholastic cosmology, modifying the logical frame of Aristotelian physics. The present work analyses Clavius' theory as well as the procedures he considers to reach his purpose. He used a combinatorial approach to study the relations occurring between the four elements – earth, water, air and fire – and analysed their relations from a physical perspective, proposing a possible structure of the sublunary world.     

Have Taught a Foreign Language in Elementary Grades

The cultural democratization of post-Franco Spain meant the removal of the division between high and low culture. Such democratization of Spanish culture meant a new concept of culture in which, as stated by the postmodern motto, “everything goes,” and that in television translated as the proliferation of reality shows and trash TV and in literature as non-intellectual publications aimed at entertaining readers. Belén Esteban's work Ambiciones y reflexiones (2013) is a good example. I make use of this work to prove that what has traditionally been considered as “low culture” is not necessarily a culture inferior to “high culture” in Spain today. Thus I underline the necessity of replacing the term “low culture” or counterculture for “postculture.” The methodology I utilize is made up mostly of the critical theories of Helen Graham and Jo Labanyi regarding the dichotomy between high and low culture, Cristina Moreiras-Menor's postulate about the need for accepting show culture and consumer culture in Spain due to the split with the dictatorial past this culture signifies, and Mario Vargas Llosa’s rejection of present-day mass culture, a rejection that the aforementioned theorists challenge. Additionally, I support my study with José Álvarez-Junco's premises regarding the difficulty of defining national identity, a crucial topic in Ambiciones y reflexiones and which is related to the high/low culture dichotomy. Luis Moreno-Caballud’s criticism about democracy and its meaning in our neoliberal cultural market complements the critical methodology of this analysis.     

Review of Books

MICHAEL BENTLEY, ed. Companion to Historiography. London and New York: Roudedge, 1997. Pp. xvii,997. $150.00 (us). Reviewed by Simon Hornblower

JEREMY BLACK. Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. 267. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by John A. Agnew

GANG DENG. Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 BC–1900AD. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997. Pp. xxvi, 218. $65.00 (us). Reviewed by Thomas T. Allsen

RICHARD G. HOVANNISIAN, ed. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 372. $49.95 (us); Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 493. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Dennis R. Papazian

ANTONIO SANTOSUOSSO. Soldiers, Citizens, and the Symbols of War: From Classical Greece to Republican Rome, 500-167 BC. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997. Pp. x, 277. $22.00 (us), paper. Reviewed by Michael Hodgkinson

THOMAS T. ALLSEN. Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xv, 137. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Ruth I. Meserve

HUGH KENNEDY. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. London and New York: Longman, 1996. Pp. xvi, 342. £15.99. Reviewed by Maya Shatzmiller

MICHAEL COSTEN. The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997; dist. New York; St Martin's Press. Pp. x, 229. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by James A. Brundage

JAMES L. GILLESPIE, ed. The Age of Richard II. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 256. $55.00 (us). Reviewed by Anthony Tuck

S. A. M. ADSHEAD. Material Culture in Europe and China, 1400–1800: The Rise of Consumerism. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. ix, 279. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Craig Cluna

J. J. CLARKE. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter between Asian and Western Thought. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Pp. 273. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Michael Tsin

P. E. H. HAIR. Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence, 1450–1700. Aldershot: Variorum, 1997; dist. Brookfield: Ashgate. Pp. xx, 324. $94.95 (us). Reviewed byNorman R. Bennett

GODFREY GOODWIN. The Janissaries. London: Saqi Books, 1997; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. 288. $24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Virginia H. Aksan

JOHN M. HEADLEY. Church, Empire, and World: The Quest for Universal Order, 1520–1640. Aldershot: Variorum, 1997; dist. Brookfield: Ashgate. Pp. x, 322. $89.98 (us); JOHN M. HEADLEY. Tommaso Campanella and the Transformation of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. xxv, 399. $55.00 (us). Reviewed by William Mccuaig

DAVID MCDOWALL. A Modern History of the Kurds. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1997; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xii, 480. $17.95 (us) paper. Reviewed by Kemal H. Karpat

GLYNDWR WILLIAMS. The Great South Sea: English Voyages and Encounters, 1570– 1750. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. xv, 300. $37.50 (us). Reviewed by G. V. Scammell

RONALD G. ASCH. The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618–48. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 247. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Heinz Duchhardt

DONALD HARMAN AKENSON. If the Irish Ran the World: Montserrat, 1630–1730. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997. Pp. x, 273. $22.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Andrew J. O'Shaughnessy

GRETE KLINGENSTEIN and FRANZ A. J. SZABO, eds. Staatskanzler Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg, 1711–1704: Neue Perspektiven zu Politik und Kultur der europäischen Aufklärung. Graz: Andreas Schnider Verlagsatelier, 1996. Pp. iv, 499. $46.00 (us). Reviewed by P. G. M. Dickson

THOMAS R. TRAUTMANN. Aryans And British India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 260. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Eugene F. Irschick

MATTHEW H. EDNEY. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Pp. xv, 458. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Douglas M. Peers

ORVILLE T. MURPHY. The Diplomatic Retreat of France and Public Opinion on the Eve of the French Revolution, 1783–1789. Washington: Cadiolic University of America Press, 1998. Pp. viii, 193. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Marsha Frey

J. E. COOKSON. The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. vi, 286. $121.50 (CDN). Reviewed by H. T. Dickinson

ANTHONY S. BENNELL. The Making of Arthur Wellesley. London: Sangam Books, 1997. Pp. viii, 235. £17.95. Reviewed by Enid M. Fuhr

DAVID CURTIS SKAGGS and GERARD T. ALTOFF. A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997. Pp. x, 244. $34.95 (us). Reviewed by E. Jane Errington

ZEYNEP ÇELIK. Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers under French Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 236. $40.00 (us). Reviewed by John Ruedy

PETER YOUNG and PETER JESSER. The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 391. $59.95 (us), cloth; $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Philip M. Taylor

JOST DÜLFFER, MARTIN KRÖGER, and ROLF-HARALD WIPPICH. Vermiedene Kriege. Deeskalation von Konflikten der Großmächte zwischen Krimkrieg uni Erstem Weltkrieg, 1856–1914. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1997. Pp. vi, 716. DM 98, paper. Reviewed by Ivo N. Lambi

PAUL A. C. KOISTINEN. Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865–1919. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997. Pp. xiii, 391. $45.00 (us). Reviewed by Robert D. Cuff

THOMAS FISCHER. Die verlorenen Dekaden: ←Entwicklung nach außen→ und ausländische Geschäfte in Kolumbien, 1870–1914. New York: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. 472. $76.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by JÜRgen Buchenau

FREDERICK F. ANSCOMBE. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 270. $17.50 (us), paper. Reviewed by Caesar E. Farah

LEILA J. RUPP. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. xiii, 325. $19.95 (us)> paper. Reviewed by Harriet Hyman Alonso

IAN ROBERT DOWBIGGIN. Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880–1940. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi, 245. $37.50 (us). Reviewed by Angus Mclaren

MYUNG-KEUN CHOI. Changes in Korean Society between 1884–1910 as a Result of the Introduction of Christianity. New York: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. xx, 321. $54.95 (us). Reviewed by James H. Grayson

ALEX MCKAY. Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904–1947. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1997. Pp. xxvi, 293. £65.00. Reviewed by Ian Copland

WILLIAM N. TILCHIN. Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xvii, 302. $45.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard H. Collin

SAMUEL HYNES. The Soldiers' Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War. New York and London: Allen Lane and Penguin, 1997. Pp. xvi, 318. $24.95 (us). Reviewed by Jacek Wi?niewski

STEPHEN GARTON. The Cost of War: Australians Return. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xii, 298. $53.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Christina Twomey

WILLIAM ALLISON. American Diplomats in Russia: Case Studies in Orphan Diplomacy, 1916–1919. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. xi, 190. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Betty M. Unterberger

T. HUNT TOOLEY. National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 320. $56.00 (us). Reviewed by Peter Krüger

DAVID CHUTER. Humanity's Soldier: France and International Security, 1919– 2001. Providence: Berghahn Books, 1996. Pp. xi, 356. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

G. F. KRIVOSHEEV, ed. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, trans. Christine Barnard. London and Mechanicsburg: Greenhill Books and Stackpole Books, 1997. Pp. xiv, 290. £21.95. Reviewed by Steven Rosefielde

RAYMOND PEARSON. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. Pp. xix, 194. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Graeme Gill

WARREN F. KUEHL and LYNNE K. DUNN. Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Mations, 1920–1939. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1997. Pp. xvii, 306. $49.00 (us). Reviewed by George Egerton

ALEKSANDR M. NEKRICH. Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941, ed. and trans. Gregory L. Freeze. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 308. $35.00 (us); DIANE P. KOENKER and RONALD D. BACHMAN, eds. Revelations from the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation. Washington: Library of Congress, 1997. Pp. xxv, 808. $59.00 (us). Reviewed by Jonathan Haslam

D. A. Low. Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity, 1929– 1942. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xv, 358. $74.95 (us). Reviewed by Anita Inder Singh

CHARLES REARICK. The French in Love and War: Popular Culture in the Era of the World Wars. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. x, 321. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Judith Devlin

DEREK H. ALDCROFT. Studies in the Interwar European Economy. Aldershot and Brookfield: Ashgate, 1997. Pp. ix, 229. $72.95 (us). Reviewed by Sidney Pollard

PATRICIA CLAVIN. The Failure of Economic Diplomacy: Britain, Germany, France, and the United States, 1931–36. New York: St Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. x, 279. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Kenneth Mouré

BENJAMIN WELLES. Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 437. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Warren F. Kimball

TOM BUCHANAN. Britain and the Spanish Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 241. $64.95 (us), cloth; $24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Michael Richards

DENNIS J. DUNN. Caught between Roosevelt and Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. Pp. xii, 349. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by David Mayers

BARBARA REARDEN FARNHAM. Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: A Study of Political Decision-Making. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. xi, 313. $39.50 (us). Reviewed by Randall Schweller

DAVID DAY, ed. Brave New World: Dr H. V. Evatt and Australian Foreign Policy, 1941–1949. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1996; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. x, 182. $22.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Roger Dingman

HORSTJ. P. BERGMEIER and RAINER E. LOTZ. Hitler's Airwaves: The Inside Story of Nazi Radio Broadcasting and Propaganda Swing. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 368. $40.00 (us). Reviewed by Edwin Herzstein

CHARLES L. ROBERTSON. International Politics since World War II: A Short History. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997. Pp. xiv, 383. $62.95 (us), cloth; $24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Keith L. Nelson

YEZID SAYIGH and Avi SHLAIM, eds. The Cold War and the Middle East. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv, 303. $108.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Michael Graham Fry

PETER LOWE. Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies towards Japan, China, and Korea, 1948–1953. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 288. £45.00. Reviewed by Roger Buckley

NEIL CAPLAN. Futile Diplomacy: Volume III: The United Nations, the Great Powers, and Middle East Peacemaking, 1948–1954. London: Frank Cass, 1997; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. xxvi, 390. $59.50 (us); Volume IV: Operation Alpha and the Failure of Anglo-American Coercive Diplomacy in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1954–1956. London: Frank Cass, 1997; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. xxi,414. $59.50 (us). Reviewed by Benny Morris

ONN WINCKLER. Population Growth and Migration in Jordan, 1950–1994. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 138. $75.00 (us). Reviewed by Allan Findlay

MICHAEL D. GAMBONE. Eisenhower, Somoza, and the Cold War in Nicaragua, 1953–1961. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. xiv, 247. $65.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard H. Immerman

N. PIERS LUDLOW. Dealing with Britain: The Six and the First UK Application to the EEC. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xiii, 282. $64.95 (us), cloth; $24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Coral Bell

KENDRICK OLIVER. Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Nuclear Test-Ban Debate, 1961–63. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. Pp. x, 252. $65.00 (us). Reviewed by Jeffrey W. Knopf

TIMOTHY P. MAGA. Hands across the Sea? US-Japan Relations, 1961–1981. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1997. Pp. x, 183. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Michael A. Barnhart

HOUMAN A. SADRI. Revolutionary States, Leaders, and Foreign Relations: A Comparative Study of China, Cuba, and Iran. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. xv, 147. $55.00 (us). Reviewed by Odd Arne Westad

DUNCAN L. CLARKE, DANIEL B. O'CONNOR, and JASON D. ELLIS. Send Guns and Money: Security Assistance and US Foreign Policy. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. xiv, 211. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Ted Galen Carpenter

CHARLES S. MAIER. Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. xx, 440. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Geoff Eley

FERGUS CARR, ed. Europe: The Cold Divide. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. Pp. xii, 208. $65.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard Falk

KARL VON VORYS. American Foreign Policy: Consensus at Home, Leadership Abroad. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. viii, 379. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Wesley T. Wooley

ALAN COLLINS. The Security Dilemma and the End of the Cold War. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. 243. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by William C. Wohlforth

MICHAEL LIBAL. Limits of Persuasion: Germany and the Yugoslav Crisis, 1991– 1992. Westport: Praeger, 1997. Pp. xi, 206. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Hanns W. Maull

JOHN W. GARVER. Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan's Democratization. Seatde: University of Washington Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 193. $18.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Peter Van Ness

ROBERT JERVIS. System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. ix, 309. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Harlan Wilson

MICHAEL W. DOYLE. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. New York: W. W. Norton &; Company, 1997. Pp. 557. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by Fred H. Lawson