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991.
Stephen A. Brighton 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(1):30-50
This study illustrates the materialization of identity shifts through refined ceramic and glass forms recovered from working
class Irish immigrant and Irish-American communities. The sites used in this article were chosen because of their spatio-temporal
compatibility covering dynamic periods of Irish identity in the United States. Historians argue that 1880 marks the beginning
of an identity shift from Irish immigrant to Irish-American. This research attempts to provide the necessary materials to
begin a discourse bringing together material and historical evidence illuminating the conflict between competing ideologies
of respectability and changing conceptions of Irish identity in America. 相似文献
992.
Gerrit Leendert Dusseldorp 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):224-255
Stable isotope analysis is increasingly used to gain insight in the configuration of Pleistocene ecosystems. The application
of isotope analysis to Neanderthal and cave hyena bone assemblages has led to hypotheses about the niche differentiation between
these species. Comparing isotopic data with archaeozoology analyses shows discrepancies between the results of both analytical
methods. Here, the results of all northwest European stable isotope studies on Neanderthals are reviewed. The emphasis of
the analysis is on a sample of sites from MIS 4-3 in southwest France. Causes of the discrepancy between archaeozoological
and stable isotope results are discussed and hypotheses reconciling the data are proposed. Recommendations for further research
will allow testing of the hypotheses and increase our understanding of the functioning of Pleistocene ecosystems. 相似文献
993.
Prudence M. Rice 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):481-508
In the viceroyalty of Peru, Spanish authorities imposed several mechanisms to try to establish Christian social order among
the colonists and dwindling indigenous populations, two of which were encomienda and reducción. The implementation of these and other policies and practices is examined using a case study in Moquegua, a colonial periphery
in far southern Peru: the encomienda of Cochuna and the reduction site of Torata Alta. Incomplete knowledge of local conditions left the area vulnerable to social
and religious disorder: overlapping boundaries, contested jurisdictions, and competing interests. Further historical archaeological
consideration of such disorder can illuminate local impacts of colonialism. 相似文献
994.
Social and economic factors significantly influenced grave-marker choice in southern California cemeteries during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. Gradual changes in the American way of death since Victorian times underwent punctuated shifts in
mortuary attitudes, commemoration practices, and funerary materials following moments of extreme social and economic duress.
While the form of gravestones slowly evolved from large monuments to smaller flush markers during the late 1800s and early
1900s, they collectively experienced a pronounced shift during the 1920s, reflecting American responses to the devastating
human losses of World War I and the 1918–19 influenza pandemic. Financial conditions directly affected decisions regarding
those materials selected to mark the deceased as well. Although overall trends reveal that granite gravestones gradually replaced
marble as the marker of choice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pronounced fiscal struggles during the
1907 Bankers’ Panic and the Great Depression were evinced in distinct surges in less expensive marble and metal grave markers. 相似文献
995.
Michael Nevell 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):594-606
This paper looks at the recent archaeological evidence for industrial housing in Manchester, United Kingdom. The paper argues
that a fragmented land-holding pattern developed in a number of city-centre areas during the second half of the eighteenth
century. This land-holding pattern gave rise to overcrowding as a result of the domestic redevelopment of back yard plots
and the conversion of older housing to tenements. This redevelopment was at its most acute during the peak decades of population
growth in the city, 1800–40, and this led to the conditions of poverty, disease, and overcrowding recorded in contemporary
accounts from the mid-nineteenth century. 相似文献
996.
Meghan C. L. Howey 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):329-357
Copper kettles, in high demand among indigenous communities of the Northeast/Great Lakes, became prominent items in the exchange
repertoires of early Basque, French and Dutch traders. Kettles’ origin with these “Others” and its connection to a medium
(copper) that had held symbolic significance for millennia led them to be used in an indigenous ‘metaphorical’ value regime
influencing trade during the late sixteenth/early seventeenth century. An artisan living on the threshold of colonial encounter
in Northern Michigan between 1470 and 1660 CE—having seen European goods but not having access to them—harnessed the mimetic
faculty to make a small, miniature, ceramic imitation or skeuomorph of a European trade kettle. Rather than the sincerest
form of flattery, I suggest this imitation was made to acquire the power of the original to fend off the colonial danger and
to connect to this symbolic value regime. I suggest the “magic” of mimesis offered personal and organizational power in the
indigenous Northeast/Great Lakes during early contact. This specific case speaks more broadly to how mimesis can provide a
robust framework for exploring the material cultures of colonial encounter. 相似文献
997.
Abdulhakim Alhusban Abdulla Al-Shorman 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(1):1-9
The courtyard house represents a model for the collective social, political and economic functions of the peasant community
during the nineteenth century in northern Jordan. Ethnography, landscape and space syntax analyses were used to reconstruct
these functions in the area of Umm Qais, Jordan. The results show that the various social systems in the study area were centered
on kinship leaving projections in the form and order of the various spaces in the courtyard house. The nature of the landscape
was a determinant factor in the location of courtyard houses, which was triggered by the climate regime in the area. 相似文献
998.
Noemie Arazi 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):27-38
This paper approaches the safeguarding of Africa’s physical cultural resources in the context of development cooperation,
infrastructure and environmental management. I focus on the World Bank’s physical cultural resource policy, as it constitutes
to this day the most comprehensive tool for mitigating the adverse impacts of infrastructure development. However, it will
also be shown that issues of noncompliance still persist in bank-financed projects, especially concerning Africa’s cultural
resources. The European Commission’s policies toward heritage preservation will also be touched upon for purposes of contrast.
I will close with suggestions for future activities that may have a positive impact on safeguarding those resources. 相似文献
999.
Boureima T. Diamitani 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):55-70
As with many other ethnic groups in Africa, Senufo identity was the creation of the French colonial administration during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In spite of some similarities, those subgroups collectively named Senufo
by the French do not share the same artistic and traditional forms and values. For example, while the Poro association and
the art related to it are the core of the socio-religious organization of the central and southern Senufo, northern Senufo
groups do not have Poro or its associated arts. Northern Senufo groups are invested in the Komo men’s society and its associated
objects like their Mande-speaking neighbours. This is particularly true for the subgroup known as the Tagwa, which has a Komo
male secret association. The Komo is a sacred mask society with great power and authority, inaccessible to the general public,
women and non-circumcised males. This is the most important religious cult of the Tagwa, who have shaped the Komo for their
own tradition and customs. This paper describes my experience as a researcher working on sensitive topics such as secrecy
and sacred objects among my own people: the Tagwa of Burkina Faso. 相似文献
1000.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献