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951.
Thomas Tselios 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2009,1(4):231-239
The purpose of this paper is to examine the technological knowledge and the technological level of copper metallurgy in the
Mesara plain in Crete, during the Prepalatial period. In order to investigate this issue, objects from several (12) sites
in the area were chosen for examination. In this way, the technological level of the area and each site could be safely ascertained.
From the 55 objects that were examined, a very small sample was taken, which was the subject of metallographic and chemical
analyses. By using these methods, the manufacturing processes for the production of each object, as well as the alloy that
was used in each case, were identified. The combination of these two methods, along with typology of the objects and the number
of objects produced at each site, provided safe conclusions as to the technological knowledge and the possible specialisation
of metal production in each site and period. In the end, a lack of homogeneity in the Mesara plain was noticed as concerns
the production of copper objects. Some sites seem to have a dominant position, with larger production and trading of metal
artefacts, while other sites fail to provide any indication of metal production, and it is very possible that the metal objects
were obtained from the neighbouring sites. Finally, the existence of specialised production is obvious in some sites in the
Mesara plain, especially in the case of two groups of objects (triangular and long daggers), while the lack of organised and
standardised production is obvious in the case of some other sites in the same area. 相似文献
952.
Elise M. S. Belle Saima Shah Tudor Parfitt Mark G. Thomas 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(3):217-224
Several cultural or religious groups claim descent from a common ancestor. The extent to which this claimed ancestry is real
or socially constructed can be assessed by means of genetic studies. Syed is a common honorific title given to male Muslims
belonging to certain families claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons Hassan and Hussein, who lived
1,400 years ago and were the sons of the Prophet’s daughter Fatima. If all Syeds really are in direct descent from Hassan
and Hussein, we would expect the Y chromosomes of Syeds to be less diverse than those of non-Syeds. Outside the Arab world,
we would also expect to find that Syeds share Y chromosomes with Arab populations to a greater extent than they do with their
non-Syed geographic neighbours. In this study, we found that the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from India and Pakistan
are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief
that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. In addition to Syeds, we also considered
members of other hereditary Muslim lineages, which either claim descent from the tribe or family of Muhammad or from the residents
of Medinah. Here, we found that these lineages showed greater affinity to geographically distant Arab populations, than to
their neighbours from the Indian subcontinent, who do not belong to an Islamic honorific lineage. 相似文献
953.
Tobias Kelly 《Development and change》2005,36(5):865-886
It has been widely claimed that the Palestinian National Authority has failed to provide adequate access to the law for many Palestinians. Whilst impediments to legal access are often treated as a technical questions of procedure, or as an issue of the cultural appropriateness of legal regimes, this article takes a third approach, which stresses political and historical factors. In order to understand obstacles to legal access it is necessary to discover the ways in which legal practices are understood, used and abandoned in particular contexts. Through an examination of labour disputes, the article argues that in the context of the West Bank, legal claims have no absolute moral value, but are attractive for the substantive claims that can be made through them, opening up legal avenues for political manipulation. In this context, legal entitlements are distributed according to political resources, rather than legal procedures. The article concludes by arguing that promotion of effective access to legal processes in the West Bank should not be seen as a short‐cut to a stable political regime, since accountable legal processes require a centralized, strong and stable coercive support, based in a measure of organizational cohesion and territorial sovereignty. 相似文献
954.
This article begins to examine the history of economic and social ideas launched or nurtured by the United Nations (UN). In 1999, the United Nations Intellectual History Project was initiated, to analyse the UN as an intellectual actor, and to shed light on the role of the UN system in creating knowledge and in influencing international policy‐making: this article is based on the first five books and the oral histories from that Project. The starting point is that ideas may be the most important legacy of the UN for human rights, economic and social development, as well as for peace and security. For the authors, this ‘intellectual history’ provides a way to explore the origins of particular ideas; trace their course within institutions, scholarship, and discourse; and in some cases evaluate the impact of ideas on policy and action. 相似文献
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