L'action de Józef Retinger en faveur de l'idée européenne 1940–46

Considéré comme un “Père de l'Europe” par les historiens actuels, Józef Retinger reste un personnage mystérieux et insolite, souvent décrit dans la littérature existante comme un homme de l'ombre, une éminence grise ayant ses entrées partout. Le présent article désire, au delà des accusations que certains portent sur son action, lever en partie le voile à propos des motivations de l'action européenne de Retinger, marquée par une forte continuité depuis la fin de la première guerre mondiale. Le moment le plus fécond de son activité politique en faveur de l'idée européenne se situe pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, lorsqu'il était le plus proche conseiller du général Sikorski, premier ministre du gouvernement polonais en exil. Déplorant la scission de l'Europe en deux causée par l'antagonisme entre les grandes puissances, il fonde avec le Belge Van Zeeland, en 1946, la Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique.     

Eco-cultural niches of the Badegoulian: Unraveling links between cultural adaptation and ecology during the Last Glacial Maximum in France

This study details an application of eco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM) using two modeling architectures—a genetic algorithm (GARP) and maximum entropy (Maxent)—aimed at examining the ecological context of sites with archaeological remains attributed to the culture termed the Badegoulian (ca. 22–20 k cal BP), which dates to the middle part of the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 23–19 k cal BP). We reconstructed the ecological niche of the Badegoulian and assessed whether eco-cultural niche variability existed within this technocomplex. We identified two broad but distinct spatial entities in the distribution of Badegoulian sites based on lithic raw material sources and circulation, and found that these spatial units share a similar ecological niche. We discuss the implications of territorial differentiation within this niche in light of research on land use by culturally affiliated groups within a broad cultural entity. We propose that Badegoulian circulation networks reflect distinct social territories associated with particular conditions within a single ecological niche. This study illustrates the utility of combining ecological niche reconstructions with archaeological data to identify and evaluate diachronic trends in cultural continuity for situations where such patterns may be missed when the focus of study is restricted solely to lithic technology and typology.     

Reactive transport and thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling in deep sedimentary basins affected by glaciation cycles: model development,verification, and illustrative example

Deep sedimentary basins are complex systems that over long time scales may be affected by numerous interacting processes including groundwater flow, heat and mass transport, water–rock interactions, and mechanical loads induced by ice sheets. Understanding the interactions among these processes is important for the evaluation of the hydrodynamic and geochemical stability of geological CO₂ disposal sites and is equally relevant to the safety evaluation of deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste. We present a reactive transport formulation coupled to thermo‐hydrodynamic and simplified mechanical processes. The formulation determines solution density and ion activities for ionic strengths ranging from freshwater to dense brines based on solution composition and simultaneously accounts for the hydro‐mechanical effects caused by long‐term surface loading during a glaciation cycle. The formulation was implemented into the existing MIN3P reactive transport code (MIN3P‐THCm) and was used to illustrate the processes occurring in a two‐dimensional cross section of a sedimentary basin subjected to a simplified glaciation scenario consisting of a single cycle of ice‐sheet advance and retreat over a time period of 32 500 years. Although the sedimentary basin simulation is illustrative in nature, it captures the key geological features of deep Paleozoic sedimentary basins in North America, including interbedded sandstones, shales, evaporites, and carbonates in the presence of dense brines. Simulated fluid pressures are shown to increase in low hydraulic conductivity units during ice‐sheet advance due to hydro‐mechanical coupling. During the period of deglaciation, Darcy velocities increase in the shallow aquifers and to a lesser extent in deeper high‐hydraulic conductivity units (e.g., sandstones) as a result of the infiltration of glacial meltwater below the warm‐based ice sheet. Dedolomitization is predicted to be the most widespread geochemical process, focused near the freshwater/brine interface. For the illustrative sedimentary basin, the results suggest a high degree of hydrodynamic and geochemical stability.     

The Price for Austria's Security: Part I — Joseph II,the Russian Alliance,and the Ottoman War, 1787–1789

This article examines Lyndon Johnson's handling of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nuclear-sharing issue and specifically plans for a NATO Multilateral Force during the first three years of his presidency. The article argues that although Johnson did not confront the nuclear sharing/Multilateral Force issue directly for the first year of his presidency, he subsequently made sensible policy decisions in the face of a number of challenges. These included pressure for a speedy resolution of the nuclear-sharing issue from within his own State Department and from the government of the Federal Republic of Germany on the one side, and opposition to the Multilateral Force from the British and French governments on the other. The nuclear-sharing issue is discussed in the context of challenges to NATO, most notably French President Charles de Gaulle's rejection of US leadership and his withdrawal of French forces from NATO's integrated military structure in 1966 and broader debates about nuclear consultation within the alliance. The article concludes that by using the advisory process well and through some deft diplomacy, particularly refusing to demand a quick resolution to the nuclear-sharing problem, the Johnson administration had effectively resolved the nuclear-sharing issue by late 1966.     

Small-Town Sustainability: Prospects in the Second Modernity

Small towns account for a significant fraction of the total population in many regions, but there has been a relative lack of research into small towns, with researchers' attention being drawn more to the effects of globalization and technological change on large cities and city regions. Yet, as the effects of globalization have become increasingly imprinted on small towns, transnational grassroots movements have emerged to address the needs, challenges and opportunities of small-town communities. Many of these movements involve partnerships and networks linking the local and international levels. They are often framed in terms of sustainability of their community, with an emphasis on liveability and quality of life. This article places the emergence of cross-border collaborations between small towns in the broader context of shifts from the “first” to the “second modernity”. Through in-depth case studies of movements such as Italy's Slow Food and Slow City movement, Sweden's eco-cities, economic gardening in the US and the creative cities project in Albania, we highlight four sensibilities that have emerged: local, organic and slow food; environmentalism; entrepreneurship and creativity.     

Trends in political science

Ithiel de Sola Pool, ed.: Contemporary Political Science: Toward Empirical Theory, McGraw‐Hill, New York, 1967, pp. 276, $7.90.     

Book reviews

Australian books

L. L. Robson, The First A.I.F. A Study of Its Recruitment 1914–1918, Melbourne University Press, 1970, pp. 227 + ix, $6.75.

Richard Gordon (ed.), The Australian New Left: Critical Essays and Strategy, Heinemann Australia, Melbourne, 1970, pp. 304 + x, $1.75.

D. J. Murphy, R. B. Joyce and Colin A. Hughes (eds.), Prelude to Power. The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885–1915, Queensland University Press, 1970, pp. 336 + xx, $6.95.

J. T. Lang, The Turbulent Years, Alpha Books, Sydney, 1970, pp. 319, $4.95.

C. B. Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression. A Study of Economic Development and Policy in the 1920s and 1930s, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1970, pp. 419 + xvi, $10.00.

K. D. Buckley, The Amalgamated Engineers in Australia, 1852–1920, Department of Economic History, A.N.U., Canberra, 1970, pp. 318, $5.00.

W. M. Hughes, The Case for Labor, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1970, pp. 144 + xxxiv, $1.75 (paper).

W. J. Hudson, Australia and the Colonial Question at the United Nations, Sydney University Press, 1970, pp. ix + 214, $6.00.

W. E. Tomasetti, Australia and the United Nations: New Guinea Trusteeship Issues from 1946–1966, New Guinea Research Bulletin No. 36, pp. viii + 110, Australian National University, 1970.

E. M. Andrews, Isolationism and Appeasement in Australia. Reactions to the European Crises, 1935–1939, Australian National University Press, 1970, pp. 236 + xv, $6.95.

W. Macmahon Ball, Australia and Japan, Nelson, Melbourne, 1969, pp. 172 + xii, $1.95

H. I. London, Non‐White Immigration and the “White Australia” Policy, Sydney University Press, 1970, pp. 318, $7.00.

J. M. Bennett (ed.), A History of the New South Wales Bar, Law Book Company for the Bar Association of New South Wales, Sydney, 1969, pp. 282 + xiv, $10.25.

R. McMurchie (ed.), Australia 1980: Australian Finance Conference — International Seminar, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1969, pp. 154, $3.50.

Julie Rigg (ed.), In Her Own Right, Nelson, Melbourne, 1969, pp. 184 + viii, $4.95.

Non‐Australian books

Trevor R. Reese, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. A Survey of International Relations 1941–1968 (Royal Institute of International Affairs), Oxford University Press, London, 1969, pp. 376 + x, $9.35.

Austin Mitchell, Politics and People in New Zealand, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1969, pp. 323, $4.75.

Max Beloff, Imperial Sunset Vol. 1, Britain's Liberal Empire 1897–1921, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1969, pp. 387 + xii, $9.60.

Grant Hugo, Britain in Tomorrow's World, Principles of Foreign Policy, Chatto & Windus, London, 1969, pp. 256, $5.40.

G. St. J. Barclay, Commonwealth or Europe, Queensland University Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1970, pp. 210 + xi, $4.95.

J. D. Simmonds, China's World, The Foreign Policy of a Developing State, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1970, pp. 260 + ix, $6.95.

Haruhiro Fukui, Party in Power. The Japanese Liberal‐Democrats and Policy‐Making, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1970, pp. 301, $8.50.

S. M. Lipset (ed.), Politics and the Social Sciences, Oxford University Press, New York, 1969, pp. 328 + xxii, $7.50 (Aust.).

J. B. Sanderson, An Interpretation of the Political Ideas of Marx and Engels, Longmans, London, pp. 118, 18/‐ stg.

Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, Power and Poverty: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York, 1970, pp. 220 + xiv, $2.95 paper, $6.75 cloth.

Robin Farquharson, Theory of Voting, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1969, pp. 83 + xii, $US5.00.

Stein Rokkan and Jean Meyriat, International Guide to Electoral Statistics. Volume I: National Elections in Western Europe, Mouton, The Hague, 1969, pp. 351 + vi. $13.50.

S. K. Panter‐Brick (ed.), Nigerian Politics and Military Rule: Prelude to the Civil War, Athlone Press, London, 1970, pp. 267, 55/‐ stg.