‘The Bond of Civility’: Roger Williams on toleration and its limits

In this article, I examine the meaning of the concept of ‘civility’ for Roger Williams and the role it played in his arguments for religious toleration. I place his concern with civility in the broader context of his life and works and show how it differed from the missionary and civilizing efforts of his fellow New English among the American Indians. For Williams, civility represented a standard of inclusion in the civil community that was ‘essentially distinct’ from Christianity, which properly governed membership in the spiritual community of the church. In contrast to recent scholarship that finds in Williams a robust vision of mutual respect and recognition between co-citizens, I argue that civility constituted rather a very low bar of respectful behavior towards others entirely compatible with a lack of respect, disapproval, and even disgust for them and their beliefs. I show further that civility for Williams was consistent with—and partially secured by—a continued commitment on the part of godly citizens to the potential conversion of their neighbors. Williams endorsed this ‘mere’ civility as a necessary and sufficient condition for toleration while also delineating a potentially expansive role for the magistrate in regulating incivility. Contemporary readers of William who conflate civility with other good things, such as mutual respect, recognition, and civic friendship, slide into a position much like that he was trying to refute.     

The early bivalve radiation in the Ordovician Gondwanan basins of Argentina

The Ordovician diversification is marked by an increase in both marine diversity and ecospace occupation. Bivalves, like other groups, underwent a remarkable diversification in the Early Ordovician. The early phases of such a bivalve diversification took place in the Gondwanan basins of western Argentina. In the Northwestern Argentina (NWA) Basin, three clades originated during late Tremadocian–Floian times. In the Floian successions of the Famatina Basin, a probable basal arcoid is recorded. Genera from these two basins belong to 13 families. Phylogenetic analysis of the NWA heteroconchian bivalves indicates that redoniids and coxiconchinids may have originated during this radiation event. This taxonomic radiation also implies an ecological diversification. Ten guilds are recognized on the basis of bauplan, mode of life, and feeding types. Lifestyles included free endofaunal, free semi-endofaunal, semi-endobyssate, and epibyssate; feeding types included suspensivorous and detritivorous habits. Physiological changes imposed by colonization of low-salinity environments also account for guild definitions. Recent discoveries of Tremadoc to early Darriwilian bivalves from the NWA and Famatina basins indicate that the dominance of higher groups (e.g. Heteroconchia, Pteriomorphia) deviates from the patterns evident in other Gondwanan basins. This agrees with previous ideas supporting the importance of local radiations during the Ordovician diversification. Two new taxa are described, Eoredonia orientalis gen. et sp. nov. and Babinka notica sp. nov., and Coxiconchia sellaensis Sánchez & Babin is first reported from the NWA Basin.     

Life As the River Flows: Women in the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle

This refreshingly straightforward book mostly lets the narratorsspeak for themselves, but what sociologist Khoo has to say aboutthe process of oral history is also very interesting. Khoo spentfive years living amongst and interviewing ex-guerilla fightersin southern Thailand, including the sixteen women featured here. The term "Malaya" refers to the Malayan peninsula (now the westernstates of Malaysia) and the island of Singapore. The Britishbegan to colonize Malaya in 1786, staying in control until theJapanese occupied the peninsula during World War II. Malayansresisted their Japanese rulers; the British fled. After theJapanese surrendered in 1945, the Malayan People's Anti-JapaneseArmy briefly governed Malaya. The British returned the followingyear.     

Virtual skeletons: using a structured light scanner to create a 3D faunal comparative collection

Appropriate comparative animal skeletons are not always available to faunal analysts for use in identifying archaeofaunal remains. This is especially pertinent when working in locations where no comparative collections are available locally, and the archaeological assemblage cannot be transported to another facility. In order to fill this gap, we are building a virtual comparative faunal collection using a structured light scanner to scan modern skeletal material in 3D. The resulting high resolution 3D color models are a valuable resource for identifying fossil specimens. Scan data can be converted into a variety of formats for viewing and can be transported on a portable digital device for use at field or laboratory localities. In addition, scans can be printed three dimensionally to produce a replica of the scanned skeletal part. A particular advantage of this digital technology is that we can eventually create a complete 3D representation of a taxon's skeleton from scans of several components of what are incomplete skeletons of one animal taxon in a museum collection. The results of our project thus far are available to other researchers and educators by means of the internet. A variety of interested parties could benefit from such a collection, including zooarchaeologists, paleontologists, biologists, teachers and museum curators.     

Distinguishing nonhuman predation on birds: pattern of damage done by the white-tailed eagle Haliaetus albicilla, with comments on the punctures made by the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos

The study presents criteria to distinguish some of the nonhuman predation on birds whose remains may also be found at archaeological sites. Specifically, it deals with fragmentation patterns of bird bones in uneaten food remains of the white-tailed eagle Haliaetus albicilla and discusses perforations in victims' bones done by the white-tailed and golden eagles. The food remains show very low degree of fragmentation; bones of the pectoral girdle and wing predominate while head and leg elements are poorly represented. The proportion of perforated sterna differs between the two species of eagles and it is suggested that the differences are attributed to the species of prey rather than the way of handling them by the raptors.     

A Note on the Shift to a Service-Based Economy and the Consequences for Regional Growth

Using data for the 50 U.S. states we relate industry-specific employment growth rates over the period 1976–1989 to the industrial compositions of the states in 1976. We explore the idea that services and manufacturing are inextricably linked and that this interdependence may be beneficial to manufacturing (through knowledge spillovers, for example). Specifically, we test whether the manufacturing sector grew faster in service-based economies. Our evidence does not support the idea of cross-fertilization from services to manufacturing.     

In situ desalination of a granitic column by the electrokinetic method

Desalination of rocks used in monuments is a common strategy to reduce the possibility of deterioration by soluble salt crystallization processes. In the last years, some laboratory studies have demonstrated that the application of electrokinetic techniques allow to achieve higher desalination effectiveness, overcoming most limitations of the traditional methods. However, to our knowledge no studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of this technique for in situ desalination of granite. The present study is aimed at filling this gap. The results of an in situ desalination intervention using electrokinetic methods, on a column highly contaminated with salts are presented. The desalination method was optimized to desalinate large in situ structures, trying to establish the necessary protocols (buffering system, irrigation system, setup, etc.) to obtain results as satisfactory as those obtained in laboratory. The results demonstrated the high effectiveness of this method in terms of total salt extraction and depth of salt extraction. The concentration of anions in the column was decreased by more than 80% after 55 days of treatment. No mineralogical and aesthetic damages on the stone were detected after the treatment, confirming the reliability of this method to be applied in situ on granitic rocks.