Identifying biomolecular origins of solid organic residues preserved in Iron Age Pottery using DTMS and MVA

The chemical characterisation of solid organic residues found in ceramic vessels, can provide archaeologists with valuable information about ancient diets. Although several selective analytical techniques have been applied to the analysis of specific classes of compounds, such as extractable lipids, waxes, terpenoids and protein fragments, a non-selective analytical technique is required to characterise and categorise complete solid organic residues. In this study, Direct Temperature-resolved Mass Spectrometry (DTMS) is used for the characterisation of 34 solid residues situated on vessels recovered from an indigenous settlement from the Roman period at Uitgeest – Groot Dorregeest (The Netherlands). Sample preparation is limited to grinding very small samples (5–10 μg) and suspending them in water. DTMS analysis of aliquots (1–2 μL) of this suspension gave information about a broad range of organic compounds, such as lipids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, markers for residual proteins and polysaccharides, and for newly formed complex condensed polymers. Multivariate analysis of the DTMS spectra identified five different chemotypes: groups of residues with comparable chemical characteristics. The biomolecular origin of each of these chemotypes is identified by comparison with experimentally charred reference materials. The chemotypes A₁ and A₂ consist of charred residues identified as starch-rich foods (mixed with animal or plant products), chemotype C consists of protein-rich charred animal products without starch, chemotype B contains smoke condensates from wood fires, and chemotype D consists of special protein-rich and lipid-free foods or non-food products.     

Reviews

The Oxford Companion to Irish History S. J. Connolly (ed.), 1998 Oxford, Oxford University Press pp. xvii + 618, ISBN 0.19.21 1695.9, £25.00 (hb)

Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland Liam Kennedy, 1996 Belfast, Institute of Irish Studies pp. xv + 231, ISBN 085389.621.6, £9.75 (pb)

Rebellion in Wicklow: General Joseph Holt's Personal Account of 1798 Peter O'shaughnessy (ed.), 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 176, ISBN 1.85182.366.2, £9.95 (pb)

Rebellion in Kildare, 1790–1803 Liam Chambers, 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 173, ISBN 1.85182.362.X, £30.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85182.363.8, £9.95 (pb)

The Women of 1798 Daire Keogh & Nicholas Furlong (eds), 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 208, ISBN 1.85182.358.1, £30.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85182.359.X, £9.95 (pb)

Land, Politics and Nationalism: A Study of the Irish Land Question Philip Bull, 1996 Dublin, Gill & Macmillan pp. 242, ISBN 0.7171.2191.7, £14.99 (pb)

James Connolly: Selected Writings Peter Beresford Ellis (ed.), 1997 London, Pluto Press pp. 256, ISBN 0.7453.1279.9, £40.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.0267.X, £12.99 (pb)

James Connolly: The Lost Writings Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh (ed.), 1997 London, Pluto Press pp. 256, ISBN 0.7453.1297.7, £45.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.1296.9, £13.99 (pb)

Revolution in Ireland: Popular Militancy 1917 to 1923 Conor Kostick, 1996 London, Pluto Press pp. 248, ISBN 0.7453.1122.9, £40.00 (hb); ISBN 0.7453.1123.7, £13.99 (pb)

The Trouble with Guns: Republican Strategy and the Provisional IRA Malachi O'doherty, 1998 Belfast, Blackstaff pp. 221, ISBN 0.85640.605.8, £11.99 (pb)

Jews in Twentieth Century Ireland: Refugees, Anti‐Semitism and the Holocaust Dermot Keogh, 1998 Cork, Cork University Press pp. 320, ISBN 1.85918.149.X, £45.00 (hb); ISBN 1.85918.3, £16.95 (pb)

Mary Robinson: An Independent Voice John Horgan, 1997 Dublin, O'Brien Press pp. 224, ISBN 0.86278.540.5, £14.99 (hb)

Print and Popular Culture in Ireland Niall Ó Cios´in, 1997 London, Macmillan pp. 249, ISBN 0.333.66684.4, £45.00 (hb)

Power in the Eye: An Introduction to Contemporary Irish Film Terry Byrne, 1997 Lanham, MD, Scarecrow Press pp. 231, ISBN 0.8108.3296.8, £32.50 (hb)

Media in Ireland: The Search for Diversity Damien Kiberd (ed.), 1997 Dublin, Open Air/Four Courts Press pp.94, ISBN 1.851182.315.8, IR £6.95 (pb)

Shooting to Kill: Filmmaking and the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland Brian Mcilroy, 1998 Trowbridge, Flicks Books pp. 182, ISBN 0.948911.53.0, £12.95 (pb)

The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement Angus Mitchell (ed.), 1997 London, Anaconda Editions pp. 534, ISBN 1.901990.00.1, £17.98 (pb)

Representing Ireland: Gender, Class, Nationality Susan Shaw Sailer (1997) Gainesville, University Press of Florida pp. xv + 224; 23, ISBN 0.8130.1543.X, £39.95 (hb)

Devils and Angels: Television, Ideology and the Coverage of Poverty Eoin Devereux, 1998 Luton, John Libbey Media/University of Luton Press pp. 174, ISBN 1.86020.545.3, £14.95 (pb)

The Health of the Irish in Britain: The Report of a Community Conference Seeromanie Harding & Gearóid Ó Meachair, 1998 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 60, ISBN 0.9533.7191.3, £5.00 (pb)

Elderly Irish People in Britain: A Profile Mary Tilki, 1998 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 32, ISBN 0.9533.7192.1, £4.00 (pb)

Report of the London Irish Pensioners Day Hammersmith Irish Centre, 1997 London, Federation of Irish Societies pp. 12, ISBN 0.9533.719.5, £3.00 (pb)

Ideologies of Epic: Nation, Empire and Victorian Epic Poetry Colin Graham, 1998 Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press pp. 194, ISBN 0.7190.5285.8, £40.00 (hb)

The Trials of Oscar Wilde: Deviance, Morality and Late‐Victorian Society Michael S. Foldy, 1997 New Haven and London, Yale University Press pp. 206, ISBN 0.300.07112.4, £19.95 (hb)

Oscar Wilde: Trial and Punishment 1895–97 London, Public Record Office, 1998 ISBN 1.873162.50.2, £12.99

Irish Writing on Lafcadio Hcarn and Japan: Writer, Journalist & Teacher Sean G. Ronan (ed.), 1997 Folkestone, Global Oriental pp. 351, ISBN 1.901903.05.2, £16.50 (hb)

James Joyce and Trieste Peter Hartshorn, 1997 Westport, Connecticut and London, Greenwood Press pp. xix + 184, ISBN 0.313.30252.9, £43.95 (hb)

James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of ‘Ulysses’ Paul Vanderham, 1998 Basingstoke, Macmillan pp. 242, ISBN 0.333.63955.3, £45.00 (hb)

Joyce's Abandoned Female Costumes, Gratefully Received Elisabeth Sheffield, 1998 New Jersey, Associated University Presses pp. 147, ISBN 0.8386.3734.5, £25.00 (hb)

Conjuring Complexities: Essays on Flann O'Brien Anne Clune & Tess Hurson (eds), 1997 Belfast, The Institute of Irish Studies pp. 240, ISBN 0.85389.678.X, £25.00 (hb); ISBN 0.85389.675.5, £12.40 (pb)

Samuel Beckett and the Idea of God Mary Bryden, 1998 London, Macmillan pp. 204, ISBN 0.333.640676.4, £42.50 (hb)

Beckett before Godot John Pilling, 1997 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press pp. 277, ISBN 0.521.46496.X, £37.50 (hb)

Troubled Pleasures: The Fiction of J. G. Farrell Ralph J. Crane & Jennifer Livett, 1997 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 173, ISBN 9.781851.832109, £35.00 (hb)

Irish Love Poems A. Norman Jeffares (ed.), 1997 Dublin, O'Brien Press pp. 192, ISBN 0.86278.514.6, £8.99 (pb)

Francis Ledwidge: The Poems Complete Liam O'meara (ed.), 1997 Newbridge, The Goldsmith Press pp. 312, ISBN 1870.491.475, £15.00 (pb)

After The Ball Breda Sullivan, 1998 Moher, Co. Clare, Salmon Poetry pp. 54, ISBN 1.897649.33.2, £6.99 (pb)

Nominies Ian Duhig, 1998 Newcastle upon Tyne, Bloodaxe Books pp. 64, ISBN 1.85224.457.7, £6.95 (pb)

Famine Desmond Egan, 1997 Co. Kildare, Goldsmith Press pp. 39, ISBN 1.8870491.42.4, £5.95 (pb)

Entering the Mare Katie Donovan, 1997 Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books pp. 78, ISBN 1.85224.429.1, £6.95 (pb)

The Arts and Crafts Movements in Dublin and Edinburgh, 1885–1925 Nicola Gordon Bowe & Elizabeth Cumming, 1998 Dublin, Irish Academic Press pp. 160, ISBN 0.7165.2579.8, £29.50 (hb)

Irish Public Sculpture—A History Judith Hill, 1998 Dublin, Four Courts Press pp. 302, ISBN 1.85182.274.7, £29.95 (hb)

The Keeper's Recital: Music and Cultural History in Ireland, 1770–1970 Harry White, 1997 Critical Conditions: Field Day Essays and Monographs Series editor Seamus Deane Cork, Cork University Press pp. 227, ISBN 1.85918.171.6, £14.95 (pb)

In Honor of St. Patrick: Chant for His Feast The Schola Cantorum of St Peter's in the Loop Director, J. Michael Thompson, 1998 Collegeville, MN, the Liturgical Press Compact disk, ISBN 0.8146.7927.7, US$14.95 Audio‐cassette, ISBN 0.8146.7926.9, US$11.95

Last Night's Fun: A Book about Music, Food and Time Ciaran Carson, [1996] 1997 London, Jonathan Cape, Pimlico pp. 198, ISBN 0.2240.4141.X, £15.99 (hb); ISBN 0.7126.6252.9, £10.00 (pb)

Celtic Fury Se´n Kenny, 1998 Dublin, Wolfhound Press pp. 288, ISBN 0.86327.607.5, £6.99 (pb)     

Uncertain Legacy: Sydney's Olympic Stadiums

The two main stadiums for the Sydney Olympic Games were developed by the private sector with State assistance to reduce government costs and risks. In the post-Olympic period, both stadiums have experienced major revenue shortfalls which threaten their viability. This has been caused by competition from pre-existing, though smaller, State-owned stadiums and lack of potential major sporting and other events. In part to help the Olympic stadiums, the government produced a masterplan for major urban development at the Olympic Park. This paper illustrates the risks of partnership development of specialized infrastructure, and the way in which special events can lead urban development.     

Local Histories,Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi

Research and policy concerning the Southeast Asian uplands have generally focused on issues of cultural diversity, conservation and community resource management. This article argues for a reorientation of analysis to highlight the increasingly uneven access to land, labour and capital stemming from processes of agrarian differentiation in upland settings. It draws upon contrasting case studies from two areas of Central Sulawesi to explore the processes through which differentiation occurs, and the role of local histories of agriculture and settlement in shaping farmers’ responses to new market opportunities. Smallholders have enthusiastically abandoned their diversified farming systems to invest their land and labour in a new global crop, cocoa, thereby stimulating a set of changes in resource access and social relations that they did not anticipate. The concept of agency drawn from a culturally oriented political economy guides the analysis of struggles over livelihoods, land entitlements, and the reconfiguration of community, as well as the grounds on which new collective visions emerge.     

The Tolsdorff Trials in Traunstein: Public and Judicial Attitudes to the Wehrmacht in the Federal Republic, 1954-60

This article uses the prosecution of former GeneralleutnantTheodor Tolsdorff before the Landgericht Traunstein on threeseparate occasions (June 1954, September 1958 and May/June 1960)as a means of examining both press and judicial attitudes towardsthe Wehrmacht in the Federal Republic from 1954 to 1960. Whatis most surprising about the case is that, while the press reactionsto the first hearing in June 1954 were uniformly critical ofthe guilty verdict, the first retrial in September 1958 provokedattacks on the accused in newspapers, and the abandonment ofthe case under the provisions of the Amnesty Law provoked intensecriticism of the court. The reasons for the differing reactionsin June 1954 and September 1958 are not only to be sought inthe fact that the 1958 verdict came shortly after the closeof the Ulmer Einsatzgruppenprozeβ, but rather in the upsurgein anti-militarism which occurred between September 1954 andFebruary 1955 and the effects on public opinion of the 1957Schörner trial in Munich. When examined against the backgroundof the 1957 Schörner trial and the 1959 Manteuffel trial,the Tolsdorff case indicates not only that attitudes towardsthe Wehrmacht became much more critical during the second halfof the 1950s, but also that these three ‘generals’trials' were part of a broader pattern of proceedings for ‘crimesof the final period’ which played an important psychologicalpart in paving the way for a more honest confrontation withthe mass murder committed during the Third Reich.     

Jobless growth and relative surplus populations (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

Growth can be dangerous – especially when it displaces current forms of livelihood, and fails to provide viable alternatives. The old transition narratives – farm to factory, country to city, tradition to modernity – are still promulgated by development planners and they continue to have popular appeal but they are misleading. Tania Murray Li's editorial argues that emergent patterns of jobless growth, the uneven distribution of waged work, and the tendency of large scale farms and plantations to gobble up land and expel people should be a red flag: far too many people are being relegated to the position of a “relative surplus population.”