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881.
Social and economic factors significantly influenced grave-marker choice in southern California cemeteries during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. Gradual changes in the American way of death since Victorian times underwent punctuated shifts in
mortuary attitudes, commemoration practices, and funerary materials following moments of extreme social and economic duress.
While the form of gravestones slowly evolved from large monuments to smaller flush markers during the late 1800s and early
1900s, they collectively experienced a pronounced shift during the 1920s, reflecting American responses to the devastating
human losses of World War I and the 1918–19 influenza pandemic. Financial conditions directly affected decisions regarding
those materials selected to mark the deceased as well. Although overall trends reveal that granite gravestones gradually replaced
marble as the marker of choice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pronounced fiscal struggles during the
1907 Bankers’ Panic and the Great Depression were evinced in distinct surges in less expensive marble and metal grave markers. 相似文献
882.
Michael Nevell 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):594-606
This paper looks at the recent archaeological evidence for industrial housing in Manchester, United Kingdom. The paper argues
that a fragmented land-holding pattern developed in a number of city-centre areas during the second half of the eighteenth
century. This land-holding pattern gave rise to overcrowding as a result of the domestic redevelopment of back yard plots
and the conversion of older housing to tenements. This redevelopment was at its most acute during the peak decades of population
growth in the city, 1800–40, and this led to the conditions of poverty, disease, and overcrowding recorded in contemporary
accounts from the mid-nineteenth century. 相似文献
883.
Meghan C. L. Howey 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):329-357
Copper kettles, in high demand among indigenous communities of the Northeast/Great Lakes, became prominent items in the exchange
repertoires of early Basque, French and Dutch traders. Kettles’ origin with these “Others” and its connection to a medium
(copper) that had held symbolic significance for millennia led them to be used in an indigenous ‘metaphorical’ value regime
influencing trade during the late sixteenth/early seventeenth century. An artisan living on the threshold of colonial encounter
in Northern Michigan between 1470 and 1660 CE—having seen European goods but not having access to them—harnessed the mimetic
faculty to make a small, miniature, ceramic imitation or skeuomorph of a European trade kettle. Rather than the sincerest
form of flattery, I suggest this imitation was made to acquire the power of the original to fend off the colonial danger and
to connect to this symbolic value regime. I suggest the “magic” of mimesis offered personal and organizational power in the
indigenous Northeast/Great Lakes during early contact. This specific case speaks more broadly to how mimesis can provide a
robust framework for exploring the material cultures of colonial encounter. 相似文献
884.
Abdulhakim Alhusban Abdulla Al-Shorman 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(1):1-9
The courtyard house represents a model for the collective social, political and economic functions of the peasant community
during the nineteenth century in northern Jordan. Ethnography, landscape and space syntax analyses were used to reconstruct
these functions in the area of Umm Qais, Jordan. The results show that the various social systems in the study area were centered
on kinship leaving projections in the form and order of the various spaces in the courtyard house. The nature of the landscape
was a determinant factor in the location of courtyard houses, which was triggered by the climate regime in the area. 相似文献
885.
Noemie Arazi 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):27-38
This paper approaches the safeguarding of Africa’s physical cultural resources in the context of development cooperation,
infrastructure and environmental management. I focus on the World Bank’s physical cultural resource policy, as it constitutes
to this day the most comprehensive tool for mitigating the adverse impacts of infrastructure development. However, it will
also be shown that issues of noncompliance still persist in bank-financed projects, especially concerning Africa’s cultural
resources. The European Commission’s policies toward heritage preservation will also be touched upon for purposes of contrast.
I will close with suggestions for future activities that may have a positive impact on safeguarding those resources. 相似文献
886.
Boureima T. Diamitani 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):55-70
As with many other ethnic groups in Africa, Senufo identity was the creation of the French colonial administration during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In spite of some similarities, those subgroups collectively named Senufo
by the French do not share the same artistic and traditional forms and values. For example, while the Poro association and
the art related to it are the core of the socio-religious organization of the central and southern Senufo, northern Senufo
groups do not have Poro or its associated arts. Northern Senufo groups are invested in the Komo men’s society and its associated
objects like their Mande-speaking neighbours. This is particularly true for the subgroup known as the Tagwa, which has a Komo
male secret association. The Komo is a sacred mask society with great power and authority, inaccessible to the general public,
women and non-circumcised males. This is the most important religious cult of the Tagwa, who have shaped the Komo for their
own tradition and customs. This paper describes my experience as a researcher working on sensitive topics such as secrecy
and sacred objects among my own people: the Tagwa of Burkina Faso. 相似文献
887.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献
888.
Sada Mire 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):71-91
Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue
without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid
organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked
awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and
methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure
for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect
cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target
of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there
is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such
work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management
strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach.
This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission
of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment
of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali
heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras. 相似文献
889.
Archaeological understandings of the Iron Age societies that developed on the East African coast and its hinterland have been
transformed by exploration of locally produced ceramics. During the late first millennium, c. AD 600–900, sites across eastern
Africa are characterized by ceramics known as early Tana Tradition or Triangular-Incised Ware, containing necked jars with
incised decoration and a series of other jar and bowl forms in varying quantities. The recognition of this pan-regional tradition
of pottery, known from an ever-growing number of sites, has been crucial in the reorientation of Swahili research to recognize
the indigenous roots of the cosmopolitan coastal culture. This paper reports on the results of a ceramics project that has
revisited excavated collections from a series of key ETT/TIW sites, analyzing sherds according to a single system and allowing
true cross-site comparison for the first time. The results show regional diversity, in both form and decoration, particularly
in the relative importance of the necked jar types that have come to stand for the early Tana Tradition more generally. While
previous studies have hinted at regional diversity, such conclusions have been subsumed in discussion by the evident similarities
between assemblages. Comparative results are here discussed against the background of previous research at the sites, and
a series of conclusions about overlapping spheres of commonality are presented. Rather than critiquing previous work that
has recognized this ceramic type, we seek to understand the remarkable distribution better by exploring its context and content. 相似文献
890.