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221.
Jochen Hoock 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2011,132(2):277-291
The activities of jurists, they may be judges, lawyers or university teachers, occupy a central role in the maintenance of the political and social order of modern societies. In Germany the confrontation of the recent past provoked in the early 1960’s a large debate about the real foundations of the modern state and his role in the crisis of the modernity which have been pursuit in the course of the eighties issuing in the beginning of the century in the discussions about integration and a general order of values to be recognized by everybody. 相似文献
222.
Bertram Mapunda 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(3):161-175
Pre-colonial African ironworking was much more than just a technology; it encompassed economic, social, political, symbolic,
and even healing components. It is only unfortunate that archaeometallurgical research has not availed equal weight to each
aspect, hence the apparent obscurity of some of them. Revealing the multiple facets of healing as manifested in ironworking
technology, this paper attempts to rectify this imbalance. Essentially, the paper examines pros and cons of combining ironworking
with healing of humans, a phenomenon common among ironworking communities in pre-colonial Africa. It is revealed that by combining
the two, iron smelters ensured themselves of gains beyond technology and economy; they also became socially and politically
influential. In addition, the paper notes that there existed a very close connection between healing and ritualism not only
among smelter–healers but also conventional healers. After a thorough examination, it is found that the connection between
the two was also pragmatic and deliberately instituted by the practitioners in order to enhance monopoly of their trade and
protect their inventions against interlopers. 相似文献
223.
Víctor M. Fernández 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(4):279-300
Two sites with schematic rock paintings in Western Ethiopia, where Islamic ceremonies connected with rain-making are performed
and miraculous events are said to occur regularly, are interpreted in the light of such factors as the beliefs of local informants,
the Islamic appropriation of prehistoric rituals in Northern Africa, the characteristics of similar sites linked to rain-making
rituals throughout Eastern Africa and the apotropaic meaning of schematic marks in many traditional cultures. Probably painted
by the ancestors of the current Koman language speakers during the Later Stone Age or shortly afterwards, the rock art contextual
analysis reveals the complexity of interregional relationships and processes affecting the multi-ethnic frontier regions in
pre-colonial times and shows how the local groups have recombined prehistoric and historic religions and ideologies into an
original mix that bears witness to the region’s multifaceted history. 相似文献
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Michael J. O’Brien R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):309-335
Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs. 相似文献
227.
David Wheatley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):256-271
This paper notes the adoption of digital photography as a primary recording means within archaeology, and reviews some issues
and problems that this presents. Particular attention is given to the problems of recording high-contrast scenes in archaeology
and high dynamic range imaging using multiple exposures is suggested as a means of providing an archive of high-contrast scenes
that can later be tone-mapped to provide a variety of visualisations. Exposure fusion is also considered, although it is noted
that this has some disadvantages. Three case studies are then presented: (1) a very high-contrast photograph taken from within
a rock-cut tomb at Cala Morell, Menorca, (2) an archaeological test pitting exercise requiring rapid acquisition of photographic
records in challenging circumstances and (3) legacy material consisting of three differently exposed colour positive (slide)
photographs of the same scene. In each case, high dynamic range (HDR) methods are shown to significantly aid the generation
of a high-quality illustrative record photograph, and it is concluded that HDR imaging could serve an effective role in archaeological
photographic recording, although there remain problems of archiving and distributing HDR radiance map data. 相似文献
228.
Alan Mayne 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):553-562
Much of the excitement generated in Britain since 2007 by the York Archaeological Trust’s excavations of the city’s Hungate
neighborhood, which Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree characterized as a “slum” in his pioneering poverty survey of 1901, derives
from the unexpected volume and variety of material evidence uncovered about life in a poor community within a modern industrial
city. Such material evidence and its often uncertain relationships to other historical data can enhance analysis by complicating
understanding of the past, rather than echoing conventional wisdom. Findings from Hungate can thus contribute to nuanced understandings
of urban social disadvantage not only at the neighborhood level in this one particular British city, but at the larger scales
of analysis that encompass the growth of cities and interacting urban regions in Britain and around the world during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. These understandings have contemporary relevance for a world in which over half of humanity now lives
in urban areas, as misconceptions about “slums” continue to undermine efforts to reduce urban inequality. 相似文献
229.
Stacey Lynn Camp 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):305-328
In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America, the consumption of American-made goods was seen as an expression
of one’s patriotism and loyalty to the nation. According to a number of historical archaeological case studies, racialized
groups, such as African Americans and Chinese Americans, used consumption as a way of gaining access to the full benefits
of American citizenship typically reserved for individuals deemed “white” by law. The material culture of Mexican immigrants
living in early twentieth-century Los Angeles tells a slightly different tale. Despite being ascribed a legal whiteness, archaeological
and documentary data suggest that Mexican immigrants expressed ambivalence toward their consumption of American goods and
outright rejected the notion that exerting such buying power would lead to a broader acceptance in Anglo American society. 相似文献
230.
Mark Gardiner 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):707-724
This study examines how the archaeology of historic Ireland has been interpreted. Two approaches to the history and archaeology of Ireland are identified. The first, the timeless past, has its roots in a neo-Lamarckian view of the past. This perspective was particularly developed in the work of geographer and ethnographer, Estyn Evans. The second view, associated in particular with a nationalist approach to Ireland’s past, looked to the west of the country where it was believed the culture had been preserved largely unchanged and in its purest form. The continuing impact of these frameworks upon the interpretation of rural settlement in the period 1200–1700 is examined. It is argued that historians and archaeologists alike have underestimated the quality of buildings. 相似文献