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951.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献
952.
Sada Mire 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):71-91
Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue
without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid
organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked
awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and
methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure
for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect
cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target
of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there
is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such
work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management
strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach.
This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission
of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment
of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali
heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras. 相似文献
953.
Archaeological understandings of the Iron Age societies that developed on the East African coast and its hinterland have been
transformed by exploration of locally produced ceramics. During the late first millennium, c. AD 600–900, sites across eastern
Africa are characterized by ceramics known as early Tana Tradition or Triangular-Incised Ware, containing necked jars with
incised decoration and a series of other jar and bowl forms in varying quantities. The recognition of this pan-regional tradition
of pottery, known from an ever-growing number of sites, has been crucial in the reorientation of Swahili research to recognize
the indigenous roots of the cosmopolitan coastal culture. This paper reports on the results of a ceramics project that has
revisited excavated collections from a series of key ETT/TIW sites, analyzing sherds according to a single system and allowing
true cross-site comparison for the first time. The results show regional diversity, in both form and decoration, particularly
in the relative importance of the necked jar types that have come to stand for the early Tana Tradition more generally. While
previous studies have hinted at regional diversity, such conclusions have been subsumed in discussion by the evident similarities
between assemblages. Comparative results are here discussed against the background of previous research at the sites, and
a series of conclusions about overlapping spheres of commonality are presented. Rather than critiquing previous work that
has recognized this ceramic type, we seek to understand the remarkable distribution better by exploring its context and content. 相似文献
954.
955.
Deborah?I.?OlszewskiEmail author Utsav?A.?Schurmans Beverly?A.?Schmidt 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(2):97-123
First identified 100 years ago, the Iberomaurusian is an Epipaleolithic industry that was described from a number of sites
across western North Africa. One of these is Grotte des Contrebandiers (Smugglers’ Cave) in Morocco, where Abbé Jean Roche
recovered Iberomaurusian materials in excavations in the late 1950s. Although the lithics were published in the early 1960s,
subsequent changes in methods and in assessing the interpretive potential of lithic assemblages necessitated a restudy of
these collections from Contrebandiers. This study led to a better understanding of the lithic types present and of the use
of particular stone raw materials. Iberomaurusians emphasized lithic strategies that maximized use of fine-grained stone to
the extent that pièces esquillées should be, among others, a defining criterion for this lithic industry. 相似文献
956.
Between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and 2, Northeast Africa witnessed migrations of Homo sapiens into Eurasia. Within the context of the aridification of the Sahara, the Nile Valley probably offered a very attractive corridor
into Eurasia. This region and this period are therefore central for the (pre)history of the out-of-Africa peopling of modern
humans. However, there are very few sites from the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic that document these migration events.
In Egypt, the site of Nazlet Khater 4 (NK4), which is related to ancient H. sapiens quarrying activities, is one of them. Its lithic assemblage shows an important laminar component, and this, associated with
its chronological position (ca. 33 ka), means that the site is the most ancient Upper Palaeolithic sites of this region. The
detailed study of the Nazlet Khater 4 lithic material shows that blade production (volumetric reduction) is also associated
with flake production (surface reduction). This technological duality addresses the issue of direct attribution of NK4 to
the Upper Palaeolithic. 相似文献
957.
Domestication is an ongoing co-evolutionary process rather than an event or invention. Recent zooarchaeological and animal
genetics research has prompted a thorough revision of our perspectives on the history of domestic animals in Africa. Genetic
analyses of domestic animal species have revealed that domestic donkeys are descended from African ancestors, opened a debate
over the contribution of indigenous aurochs to African domestic cattle, revealed an earlier and possibly exogenous origin
of the domestic cat, and reframed our vision of African dogs. Genetic diversity studies and mapping of unique traits in African
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens indicate adaptations to regional environmental challenges and suggest hitherto unknown
and complex patterns of interactions both among Africans and with Southwest Asia and other Asian regions on the Indian Ocean.
This article argues against the static perspective on domestication as invention and for viewing it as a dynamic, locally
based and continuing process. 相似文献
958.
Khikmatulla Arslanov Olga Druzhinina Larisa Savelieva Dmitry Subetto Ivan Skhodnov Pavel Dolukhanov Gennady Kuzmin Sergey Chernov Fedor Maksimov Segey Kovalenkov 《Geochronometria》2011,38(2):172-181
The raised bog sediments that have been continuously accumulated over time represent the most suitable natural object which
enables us to reconstruct Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and palaeoclimates. Bog peat consists of organic carbon formed
in situ. It contains moss, plant fragments and microfossils that are necessary for the study of palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate.
However, a successful study of palaeoenvironment can be carried out on the basis of investigation of a great quantity of samples
along the whole peatbog thickness. In the present paper, the authors present the results of palynological, botanical investigations
and radiocarbon dating of 31 peat samples taken from the raised bog Velikoye, located in the eastern part of Kaliningrad Region.
The data obtained have enabled us to reconstruct the palaeovegetation, reveal the evolution of the bog and determine rate
of peat formation at different evolutional stages over the last 7500 cal BP. 相似文献
959.
Estimation of soil erosion on cultivated fields on the hilly Meghalaya Plateau,North-East India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The estimation of soil erosion rates in complex subtropical agricultural systems of hilly environment is difficult and most
of the traditional methods have serious limitations. The 137Cs technique allows to obtain relatively quickly retrospective medium term soil erosion results. The objective of this study
was using 137Cs approach to quantify soil loss under agricultural system which develops under growing human pressure on the hilly terrain
of the Meghalaya Plateau. The measured values of caesium inventory for all sampling points are between 2% and 63% of the reference
value of caesium inventory. The estimated annual soil loss for sampling points located on the slope are between 29 and 79
Mg·ha−1·yr−1 in the case of an improved mass balance model. It means that soil erosion in this manually tilled agricultural area cannot
be neglected. 相似文献
960.
Bone catapult and hammer-headed pins played one of very specific roles in funerary offerings in the Bronze Age graves uncovered
in the Eurasian Steppes and the North Caucasus. Scholars used different types of pins as key grave offerings for numerous
chronological models. For the first time eight pins have been radiocarbon dated. 14C dating of bone pins identified the catapult type pin as the earliest one. They marked the period of the Yamnaya culture
formation. Then Yamnaya population produced hammer-headed pins which became very popular in other cultural environments and
spread very quickly across the Steppe and the Caucasus during 2900–2650 cal BC. But according to radiocarbon dating bone pins
almost disappeared after 2600 cal BC. 相似文献