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911.
P. Morthekai Mayank Jain Pedro P. Cunha José M. Azevedo Ashok K. Singhvi 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):223-230
The use of feldspar for luminescence dating has been restricted because of anomalous fading. This has made its application
to several important geological problems such as volcanic terrains difficult. Presently, two correction procedures are used
to correct for anomalous fading. The present study tests these correction procedures using volcanic samples of known ages
spanning the time period of 400 ka to 2.2 Ma. These correction procedures provided grossly underestimated ages (up to 60%).
The possible causes for the underestimation are discussed. 相似文献
912.
Reza Sohbati Andrew S. Murray Mayank Jain Jan-Pieter Buylaert Kristina J. Thomsen 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):249-258
There are many examples of buried rock surfaces whose age is of interest to geologists and archaeologists. Luminescence dating
is a potential method which can be applied to dating such surfaces; as part of a research project which aims to develop such
an approach, the degree of resetting of OSL signals in grains and slices from five different cobbles/boulders collected from
a modern beach is investigated. All the rock surfaces are presumed to have been exposed to daylight for a prolonged period
of time (weeks to years). Feldspar was identified as the preferred dosimeter because quartz extracts were insensitive. Dose
recovery tests using solar simulator and IR diodes on both K-feldspar grains and solid slices taken from the inner parts of
the rocks are discussed. Preheat plateau results using surface grains and slices show that significant thermal transfer in
naturally bleached samples can be avoided by keeping preheat temperatures low. Equivalent doses from surface K-feldspar grains
were highly scattered and much larger than expected (0.02 Gy to >100 Gy), while solid surface slices gave more reproducible
small doses (mean = 0.17±0.02 Gy, n = 32). Neither crushing nor partial bleaching were found to be responsible for the large
scattered doses from grains, nor did the inevitable contribution from Na-feldspar to the signal from solid slices explain
the improved reproducibility in the slices. By modelling the increase of luminescence signal with distance into the rock surface,
attenuation factors were derived for two samples. These indicate that, for instance, bleaching at a depth of 2 mm into these
samples occurs at about ∼28% of the rate at the surface. We conclude that it should be possible to derive meaningful burial
doses of >1 Gy from such cobbles; younger samples would probably require a correction for incomplete bleaching. 相似文献
913.
Khikmatulla Arslanov Olga Druzhinina Larisa Savelieva Dmitry Subetto Ivan Skhodnov Pavel Dolukhanov Gennady Kuzmin Sergey Chernov Fedor Maksimov Segey Kovalenkov 《Geochronometria》2011,38(2):172-181
The raised bog sediments that have been continuously accumulated over time represent the most suitable natural object which
enables us to reconstruct Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and palaeoclimates. Bog peat consists of organic carbon formed
in situ. It contains moss, plant fragments and microfossils that are necessary for the study of palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate.
However, a successful study of palaeoenvironment can be carried out on the basis of investigation of a great quantity of samples
along the whole peatbog thickness. In the present paper, the authors present the results of palynological, botanical investigations
and radiocarbon dating of 31 peat samples taken from the raised bog Velikoye, located in the eastern part of Kaliningrad Region.
The data obtained have enabled us to reconstruct the palaeovegetation, reveal the evolution of the bog and determine rate
of peat formation at different evolutional stages over the last 7500 cal BP. 相似文献
914.
Vasilios Melfos Bruno Helly Panagiotis Voudouris 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):165-172
Pliny the Elder (first century A.D.) mentioned that the Thessalian magnetite from Magnesia in ancient Greece was second in
quality after the Ethiopic. This magnetite should be related with the origin of the Homeric Magnetes of the eighth century
B.C. who lived around Ossa mountain in central Greece. A new euhedral magnetite occurrence derived from the Kampitsios area
at the north-western slopes of Mavrovouni mountain in “Amyrikon Pedion”, probably shows that this region should have been
connected with the origin of the Homeric Magnetes. The magnetites under study are found as porphyroblasts in the talc schists.
They are almost pure with rare inclusions, mainly ilmenite, rutile, pseudorutile and a PbO phase. The alteration of magnetite
to hematite is restricted only along the fissures and cracks as well as along the rims, forming very thin films of a few micrometres
in thickness. Microprobe analyses showed that the magnetites are almost pure and they contain only traces of Cr2O3 (1.01–3.41%). The high-quality magnetites of Kampitsios could be probably related with those mentioned by Pliny, and they
should be related with the origin of the Homeric Magnetes of the eighth century B.C. who lived around Ossa mountain in Thessaly. 相似文献
915.
Domestication is an ongoing co-evolutionary process rather than an event or invention. Recent zooarchaeological and animal
genetics research has prompted a thorough revision of our perspectives on the history of domestic animals in Africa. Genetic
analyses of domestic animal species have revealed that domestic donkeys are descended from African ancestors, opened a debate
over the contribution of indigenous aurochs to African domestic cattle, revealed an earlier and possibly exogenous origin
of the domestic cat, and reframed our vision of African dogs. Genetic diversity studies and mapping of unique traits in African
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens indicate adaptations to regional environmental challenges and suggest hitherto unknown
and complex patterns of interactions both among Africans and with Southwest Asia and other Asian regions on the Indian Ocean.
This article argues against the static perspective on domestication as invention and for viewing it as a dynamic, locally
based and continuing process. 相似文献
916.
Noemie Arazi 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):27-38
This paper approaches the safeguarding of Africa’s physical cultural resources in the context of development cooperation,
infrastructure and environmental management. I focus on the World Bank’s physical cultural resource policy, as it constitutes
to this day the most comprehensive tool for mitigating the adverse impacts of infrastructure development. However, it will
also be shown that issues of noncompliance still persist in bank-financed projects, especially concerning Africa’s cultural
resources. The European Commission’s policies toward heritage preservation will also be touched upon for purposes of contrast.
I will close with suggestions for future activities that may have a positive impact on safeguarding those resources. 相似文献
917.
Boureima T. Diamitani 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):55-70
As with many other ethnic groups in Africa, Senufo identity was the creation of the French colonial administration during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In spite of some similarities, those subgroups collectively named Senufo
by the French do not share the same artistic and traditional forms and values. For example, while the Poro association and
the art related to it are the core of the socio-religious organization of the central and southern Senufo, northern Senufo
groups do not have Poro or its associated arts. Northern Senufo groups are invested in the Komo men’s society and its associated
objects like their Mande-speaking neighbours. This is particularly true for the subgroup known as the Tagwa, which has a Komo
male secret association. The Komo is a sacred mask society with great power and authority, inaccessible to the general public,
women and non-circumcised males. This is the most important religious cult of the Tagwa, who have shaped the Komo for their
own tradition and customs. This paper describes my experience as a researcher working on sensitive topics such as secrecy
and sacred objects among my own people: the Tagwa of Burkina Faso. 相似文献
918.
Libya's archaeological heritage is truly spectacular, comparatively little studied and hugely under threat. Following an extended
period of isolation, improvement in Libya's relations with the rest of the world and a rise in the price of oil have stimulated
a huge amount of development in the country, especially in the hydrocarbon and infrastructure sectors of the economy. With
a rapidly growing population, and expanding youth unemployment, the Libyan government is attempting to develop a new way forward
for its society and economy. Archaeology and heritage have not traditionally been high on Libya's agenda. The custodian of
Libyan heritage, the Department of Antiquities, has been poorly supported by the state (perhaps in part relating to postcolonial
Libya's ambivalent feelings towards its past) and is now badly positioned to deal with the nature and scale of development
threats in the cities, the agricultural zone, and especially the desert where the greatest number of heritage assets are located.
Most major development projects in these areas and elsewhere have been undertaken with little or no archaeological impact
assessment, monitoring or mitigation activities, with unfortunate consequences for buried and standing archaeological remains.
There are some encouraging signs of a sea change in the state's attitude to archaeology, heritage, conservation and tourism. 相似文献
919.
Sada Mire 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(1):71-91
Somalia has suffered a civil war since early 1991. Systematic looting, destruction and illicit excavation of sites continue
without the international community (including academics, government organisations, heritage workers and humanitarian aid
organisations) acknowledging this problem, let alone addressing it. The pre-war approaches to Somali cultural heritage lacked
awareness-raising initiatives and basic dialogue with local communities, and hence remained uninformed about local views and
methodologies regarding heritage. This has resulted in a lack of interest in building a local foundation and infrastructure
for heritage management and archaeological research in the country. Today, it is clear that no measures were taken to protect
cultural heritage during two decades of armed conflict in Somalia. Recently, archaeological material has become the target
of ideologically motivated destruction. However, in post-conflict Somaliland, a self-declared, de facto country where there
is peace and stability, possibilities for protection and management of cultural heritage exist. In order to carry out such
work, an understanding of local practices is necessary. Hence, this paper presents unique research into local heritage management
strategies and unveils indigenous heritage management methods, which the author refers to as the knowledge-centred approach.
This approach emphasises knowledge and skill rather than objects, helping cultures such as the Somali, with strong oral transmission
of knowledge, preserve their cultural heritage even in times of armed conflict. Also, this paper presents a critical assessment
of the Somali cultural emergency as a whole and suggests ways of assisting different stakeholders in the protection of Somali
heritage in the conflict and post-conflict eras. 相似文献
920.
Archaeological understandings of the Iron Age societies that developed on the East African coast and its hinterland have been
transformed by exploration of locally produced ceramics. During the late first millennium, c. AD 600–900, sites across eastern
Africa are characterized by ceramics known as early Tana Tradition or Triangular-Incised Ware, containing necked jars with
incised decoration and a series of other jar and bowl forms in varying quantities. The recognition of this pan-regional tradition
of pottery, known from an ever-growing number of sites, has been crucial in the reorientation of Swahili research to recognize
the indigenous roots of the cosmopolitan coastal culture. This paper reports on the results of a ceramics project that has
revisited excavated collections from a series of key ETT/TIW sites, analyzing sherds according to a single system and allowing
true cross-site comparison for the first time. The results show regional diversity, in both form and decoration, particularly
in the relative importance of the necked jar types that have come to stand for the early Tana Tradition more generally. While
previous studies have hinted at regional diversity, such conclusions have been subsumed in discussion by the evident similarities
between assemblages. Comparative results are here discussed against the background of previous research at the sites, and
a series of conclusions about overlapping spheres of commonality are presented. Rather than critiquing previous work that
has recognized this ceramic type, we seek to understand the remarkable distribution better by exploring its context and content. 相似文献