Méthodologie de zonage aquicole régional à l'aide de la télédétection dans un SIRS: application dans la baie des Chaleurs, Québec

Les études sur les activités aquicoles utilisant des informations géographiques et des données de télédétection sont parmi les plus difficiles à manipuler dans le domaine de la géomatique. Même si, de prime abord, les paramètres semblent faciles à utiliser, cette utilisation est plus complexe si on les considère comme un simple ensemble de données. De façon habituelle, l'identification et la délimitation de sites propices pour des activités aquicoles sont basées sur de multiples critères, comprenant des paramètres comme l'accessibilité au site et la profondeur d'eau. Lorsqu'on a clairement identifié un site propice pour des activités aquicoles, on peut en identifier d'autres avec des critères de base semblables ou équivalents. Cette méthode, basée sur l'identification du particulier vers le général, semble bien fonctionner dans les milieux d'eau douce, dans les baies et dans les fjords. Cependant, en milieu marin, la complexité et la variabilité des paramètres ne peuvent être évaluées sans tenir compte d'une vue générale synoptique et quantitative de tout l'environnement régional. La méthode proposée, basée sur l'identification du général vers le particulier et fondée sur des informations géographiques et des données de télédétection, peut être utilisée à différentes échelles. En effet, une zone propice pour des activités aquicoles peut être identifiée et délimitée à une échelle moyenne (1 à 100 km) en utilisant certains paramètres primaires essentiels et, par la suite, on peut raffiner à grande échelle (moins de 1 km) en utilisant d'autres paramètres secondaires un peu moins importants. La méthode proposée a été appliquée sur le littoral de la côte nord de la baie des Chaleurs, au Québec. Plusieurs zones propices aux activités aquicoles ont été identifiées et délimitées. La carte issue des traitements est le résultat de l'utilisation d'indices de potentiel aquicole à partir de la fusion des différents paramètres, qui ont d'abord été standardisés. Le résultat d'une telle fusion de données géoréférencées est valable si on le compare aux résultats publiés avec la méthode précédente dans laquelle chaque paramètre est additionné sur une carte de base (i.e. bathymétrie) à un moment donné et sans standardisation. La sensibilité de l'analyse et la validité des résultats sont confirmées par des données in situ prises dans la région d'étude, par exemple pour l'élevage de la moule. The area of aquaculture activities using geographic information and space technologies is one of the most difficult to organize within the field of Geomatics. The parameters may appear to be simple; however there is more complexity than a simple set of data. Currently, the suitable aquaculture site selection is based on a few criteria that encompass parameters, such as site location proximity and water depth. Once the site is clearly identified as suitable to support aquaculture activity, then similar sites were identified based on the same or equivalent criteria. This bottom‐up method seems to work in inland waters, bays and fjords, marine waters. However it precludes an environment that inherits such variable parameter complexity, one that could be evaluated without taken into account the whole synoptic and quantitative overview of regional environment. The proposed top‐down method based on geographic information and remote sensing techniques can be used at different scales. In fact, an area suitable to support an aquaculture activity could be selected at a mesoscale level (1 to 100 km) using identified main or primary parameters. Then, refinement is undertaken at a large scale (less than 1 km) using other parameters that are less important or secondary. The proposed method was applied to the coastal north shore of baie des Chaleurs in Québec, Canada. Several areas suitable to support aquaculture activities were identified. The product map is a result of merging or fusing different parameters that are previously standardized using an aquaculture evaluation index. Such gridded data fusion is valid compared to the previous methods seen in the literature where each parameter is added to a base map (i.e. bathymetry) at a time without standardizing the units. The sensitivity analysis and the validity of the results itself are in accordance with in situ testing undertaken in that area for mussel nests.     

CHEMICAL ASSAYS OF TEMPER AND CLAY: MODELLING POTTERY PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE IN THE UPLANDS NORTH OF THE PHOENIX BASIN,ARIZONA, USA*

A lack of mineralogical variation characterizes the prehistoric pottery in the uplands of central Arizona. Virtually all of the ceramics in that region were tempered with phyllite, which has previously precluded provenance analyses and the investigation of pottery production and distribution in the upland zone. As shown with assays with an electron microprobe, however, both the clay fraction and the temper fragments are chemically diverse and geographically distinct, allowing many of the phyllite‐tempered wares to be sourced, thereby leading to models about the organization of ceramic production and exchange in the upland zone north of the Phoenix Basin.     

The teaching of history in Putin's Russia

During the period since the collapse of the USSR, a number of different history books have appeared in Russia. The book under review was published in Moscow in 2007 and appears to be the first textbook officially endorsed by the authorities. It has stirred up considerable controversy in Russia where liberals have portrayed it as an uncritical eulogy of President Putin and an attempt to gloss over Stalin's record. However, despite its sometimes polemical tone, the book is more nuanced. It is not pro‐Soviet, but is decidedly anti‐western; and claims to provide a new version of Cold War history and of Soviet collapse. It deserves study even by those who reject its arguments, because it throws further light on the emergence of nationalism as a political force in Russia.     

4. MEDITERRANEAN HISTORY AS GLOBAL HISTORY

Mediterranean history, and the history of other closed seas, is seen here as the experience of those who traversed the sea and arrived as decentered aliens on the other side. Mainly these have been men, with merchants generally as pioneers who introduced the goods, ideas, and religion of one region to another. From antiquity onwards, port cities such as Carthage, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Livorno acted as links among the three continents facing the Mediterranean, and visitors from other lands were sometimes free to roam, sometimes ghettoized.     

The US debate on NATO nuclear deterrence

NATO's nuclear deterrence posture has since the late 1950s involved risk‐and responsibility‐sharing arrangements based on the presence of US nuclear weapons in Europe. Since 1991 gravity bombs, deliverable by US and allied dual‐capable aircraft, have been the only type of US nuclear weapons left in Europe. Although many other factors are involved in the alliance's deterrence posture and in US extended deterrence—including intercontinental forces, missile defences, non‐nuclear capabilities and declaratory policy—recent discussions in the United States about NATO nuclear deterrence have focused on the future of the remaining US nuclear weapons in Europe. The traditional view has supported long‐standing US and NATO policy in holding that the risk‐ and responsibility‐sharing arrangements based on US nuclear weapons in Europe contribute to deterrence and war prevention; provide assurance to the allies of the genuineness of US commitments; and make the extended deterrence responsibility more acceptable to the United States. From this perspective, no further cuts in the US nuclear weapons presence in Europe should be made without an agreement with Russia providing for reductions that address the US—Russian numerical disparity in non‐strategic nuclear forces, with reciprocal transparency and verification measures. In contrast, four schools of thought call for withdrawing the remaining US nuclear weapons in Europe without any negotiated Russian reciprocity: some military officers who consider the weapons and associated arrangements unnecessary for deterrence; proponents of ambitious arms control measures who accept extended deterrence policies but view the US weapons in Europe as an obstacle to progress in disarmament; nuclear disarmament champions who reject extended nuclear deterrence policies and who wish to eliminate all nuclear arms promptly; and selective engagement campaigners who want the United States to abandon extended nuclear deterrence commitments to allies on the grounds that they could lead to US involvement in a nuclear war.     

Genuine Community Engagement in Remote Dryland Regions: Natural Resource Management in Lake Eyre Basin

Remote dryland regions are characterised by sparse populations and socially marginalised voices which pose particular challenges to natural resource management. This paper considers the issue of how to achieve community engagement in regions with these characteristics. In doing so, the paper contributes to an expanding international research agenda focusing on the distinct characteristics of arid and semi‐arid regions under the heading of ‘dryland syndrome’. The paper draws on government liaison officer and local community perspectives of successful engagement in the case‐study region of Lake Eyre Basin, Australia. The results demonstrate that widely recognised characteristics of successful engagement are required but insufficient for genuine engagement in remote dryland regions. In addition to building trust through community ownership, being inclusive, effective communication, and adequate resources, genuine community engagement in drylands also requires respecting the extreme conditions and extraordinary variability of these areas. Residents of dryland regions seek genuine engagement yet engage opportunistically when seasons are conducive and when tangible outcomes are visible.     

The Crimean War and its lessons for today

Orlando Figes's book The Crimean War: a history, based on English, Russian, French and Turkish sources, throws a new light on the Crimean War in a number of ways. It shows that the conflict was far from being a small war, but a landmark event. It was the only example of a war between Britain and Russia—and it led to enormous casualties. It also represented a stage in medical history, since most of the casualties were caused by disease. In Britain, it marked a new advance in the power of the press, which did much to fuel anti‐Russian sentiment. The war was also fuelled, on both sides, by religious and nationalist sentiment—but its most important cause related to the fate of the Ottoman Empire, then in decline, and fears that its collapse could result in a dangerous power vacuum. The war still has a significance for the present day because the collapse of communism has failed to resolve the antagonism between Russia and the West. Here, the book throws an important light on the development of British and western attitudes towards Russia, many of which were shaped in the nineteenth century. The book deserves attention, both here and in Russia.     

The Passenger Cases Reconsidered in Transatlantic Commerce Clause History

The Supreme Court's 5–4 decision in the Passenger Cases (1849) overturned two Northern states' taxes on poor foreign immigrants. The Court's eight opinions disputed whether destitute transatlantic immigrants arriving in U.S. ports were legally and constitutionally “persons” like fugitive slaves fleeing the South, free African Americans residing in the U.S.‐Canadian borderlands, and black seamen working on ships entering Southern ports. The eight opinions issued in the case, as Charles Warren noted, raised fundamental constitutional questions concerning whether U.S. congressional or state authority was exclusive or concurrent over persons moving in interstate and international business, reflecting wider sectional struggles fostering the Civil War. ¹ More recently, Mary Bilder and others examined connections among indentured contract labor, race‐based American slavery, and the Court's antebellum Commerce Clause decisions to establish that foreign immigrants were commercial objects subject to regulation through the Constitution's Commerce Clause. ² Southerners and Northern pro‐slavery supporters argued, however, that fugitive slaves and free blacks crossing interstate and international borders were “persons” who could be regulated or altogether excluded under state police powers. ³