Subprime Housing Goes South: Constructing Securitized Mortgages for the Poor in Mexico

Mexico represents the largest market for residential mortgage‐backed securitization (RMBS) in Latin America. Despite its significance to questions of development, there has been no critical analysis on the social implications and power dimensions of RMBS with regard to low‐income housing in Mexico. This essay fills this gap by demystifying the technical and thus apolitical nature of RMBS as well as by explaining how and why state‐sponsored securitization schemes subsidize financial and construction interests in the name of expanding home ownership for the poor. In so doing, the analysis employs a historical materialist approach that, first, places RMBS within the contradictory nature of capital accumulation processes in Mexico and relations of class‐based power therein, and second, views RMBS as an integral feature of housing policy that is inextricably linked to the nerve centre of capital accumulation, namely: the credit system.     

Weiterentwicklung der Zentrenstruktur in Verdichtungsräumen

Die Verdichtungsr?ume werden zunehmend gepr?gt von einem anhaltenden Ansiedlungs– und Erweiterungsdruck gro?fl?chiger Einzelhandelsbetriebe. Dadurch werden Auswirkungen auf die Zentren– und Versorgungsstrukturen befürchtet. Die Fl?chennachfrage betrifft insbesondere die verkehrsgünstigen, nicht zentrenintegrierten Standorte innerhalb der Kernstadt sowie Standorte in den angrenzenden St?dten und Gemeinden. Darüber hinaus existieren bereits vielfach Einzelhandelsagglomerationen mit hohem Anteil an gro?fl?chigen Vertriebsformen. Grundlage für die raumordnerische Beurteilung von Gro?fl?chen– und Einzelhandelsprojekten ist das – in Niedersachsen dreistufige – System der Zentralen Orte (Ober– Mittel– und Grundzentren), auf Basis dessen in den Regionalen Raumordnungsprogrammen (RROP) n?here Aussagen getroffen werden. Allgemein besteht dabei die regionalplanerische Forderung nach funktionaler und regionaler Integration von Einzelhandelsvorgaben bzw. –standorten in die st?dtische und regionale Versorgungsstruktur: • Art und Umfang des Vorhabens (Versorgungsbedeutung, ausgedrückt in der Einzelhandelszentralit?t und dem Einzugsbereich) sollen der zentral?rtlichen Bedeutung der Standortkommune entsprechen. • In engem Zusammenhang damit sollen die Gesamtstrukturen des Einzelhandels und der Einzugsbereich in einem angemessenen Verh?ltnis zur Bev?lkerungszahl im Verflechtungsbereich stehen bzw. diesen nicht wesentlich überschreiben (wobei die Verflechtungsbereiche in Niedersachsen nicht weiter definiert sind). Faktisch sind jedoch – neben dem Netz der Zentralen Orte – sekund?re, angebotsorientierte Standortnetze des gro?fl?chigen Einzelhandels entstanden. Aus Sicht der Raumordnung stellt sich somit das Problem, dass die Zentrale–Orte–Hierarchie als Bewertungsgrundlage insbesondere für st?dtebaulich schwer integrierbare gro?fl?chige Einzelhandelsbetriebe gerade in Verdichtungsr?umen unzureichend ist (vgl. CONVENT & v. Rohr 1997.     

Urban revitalization in the Netherlands: Current trends versus actual policies

The paper focuses at the discrepancy between actual urban policies and current spatial socio‐economic developments. Three discrepancies are discussed: homogeneous concepts versus developments directed at heterogeneity; economic seduction policies versus comprehensive developments; and small‐scale policies versus higher level developments. Basic to the current spatial trends is the evolution of a large‐scale urban network. This results in a less hierarchical urban structure and a heterogenization of economic centres and living areas which occurs both within and between urban places. Because of this, the steering possibilities of hierarchic organized urban policies are hampered. In contrast to these developments, urban policy in the Netherlands has a hierarchical nature and focuses heavily on the traditional dominant urban nodes. The present phase of policy, ‘urban management’, illustrates this. An adaption of the spatial framework of policy is needed. The paper also shows that present policies haue a too narrow economic perspective which leads to an underestimation of present and future problems related to the labour and housing market. A plea is made for an explicit dynamic approach to urban revitalization in which the normative and instrumental function is stressed. Moreover, the suggested distinction between efficiency and equity is rejected The article is based on a survey of current trends and future research needs under the authority of the Advisory Council for the Programming of Future Directions in Spatial Research in the Netherlands.     

To Garden,to Market: Gendered meanings of work on an African urban periphery

This article traces the historical origins of a localized gender division of labor found in two villages on the edge of the city of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Through social-historical analysis, this article demonstrates that gender divisions of labor are not simply constructed in particular places; they are constructs located near or far from other places, and thus influenced by multidimensional interactions between those places. Specifically, this article shows how the villages' location on the periphery of an important regional city has shaped their experience of European colonialism, religious change and market expansion in ways that have given particular meanings to certain kinds of work in commercial gardening. More generally, this article shows how a focus on the historical meanings of work can provide insights into local variations in gender divisions of labor.