The Members of the House of Lords and the Hanoverian Succession

This essay examines what happened in August and September 1714, from the death of Queen Anne on 1 August to the swearing-in of the new privy council on 1 October, specifically from the perspective of the membership of the house of lords. It confirms that most members were present in London during this period and active in parliament, the privy council, the regency, and politics generally. Very few were absent without a good reason.     

Interpreting Rock-Cut Grave Cemeteries: The Early Medieval Necropolis and Enclosure of São Gens,Portugal

EXCAVATION AT SÃO GENS (Guarda district) in central Portugal has revealed an early medieval rock-cut grave cemetery and settlement, along with Roman and prehistoric evidence. The site presents an exceptionally rich palimpsest of archaeological monuments. This paper reviews the findings and seeks to address the problem of interpreting rock-cut grave cemeteries, by describing a spatial analytical methodology that draws on comparisons with early medieval cemeteries in England, as a means of enhancing the information deficit of such necropolises. In the light of these analyses, an interpretation of the São Gens site is offered in conclusion.     

Sustainable Food Systems Cluster,Vermont Style

Vermont, as one of the most rural and independent states in the U.S., has always relied heavily on agriculture and its natural environment to underpin its economy. This article examines the state's agricultural economy as a sustainable food systems cluster and how it is adapting to the global economy, corporate agriculture, and environmental concerns. It describes the scale and concentration of the cluster, its support structure, and the ways it impact other sectors of the economy, including energy, tourism, and the arts. It also explains how a cluster of largely small-scale and artisan enterprises that often represent lifestyle rather than economic choices can be innovative, collectively create a wealth-producing and branded cluster, and the implications of the new agricultural model for the state's educational system.     

Book reviews

Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy. By Pierre Manent. Foreword by Harvey C. Mansfield; translated by John Waggoner.(Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 1996) xviii + 148 pp. $15.50 paper.

The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250–1600. By Alfred W Crosby. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) xii + 245 pp. £19.95, $24.95 cloth.

Runaway Religions in Medieval England, c. 1240–1540. By F. Donald Logan, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996). Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 32, 301 pp., £35.00 cloth.

Fairy Tales and Fables from Weimar Days. Edited, translated, and introduced by Jack Zipes (1989; Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997) ix + 211 pp. £13.50 paper.

Children, Childhood and English Society 1880–1990. By Harry Hendrick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) New Studies in Economic and Social History, vi + 114 pp. $44.95, £19.95 cloth/$12.95, £6.95 paper.

Political Parties and the European Union. Edited by John Gaffney (New York: Routledge, 1996) xvii + 340 pp. $18.95 paper.

Les Mots de Autres: Flaubert, Sarraute, Pinget. By Laurent Adert (Villeneuve d'Ascq, France: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1996) 301 pp. 130FF paper.

La Citation et l'art de citer dans les Essais de Montaigne. By Michael Metschies, translated by Jules Brody. (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1997) 163 pp. n.p.g.

Art and the Roman Viewer: The Transformations of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity. By Jás Eisner (Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995) xxvi + 375 pp. $69.95 cloth $24.95 paper.

Whom Gods Destroy: Elements of Greek and Tragic Madness. By Ruth Padel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995) xviii + 276 pp. $42.50, £30.50 cloth/$14.95, £9.95 paper.

Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth‐Century England. By Philip Ayres (Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997) xix + 245 pp. £35.00, $54.95 cloth.

Revolutions in writing: Readings in nineteenth‐century French prose. Selected and translated by Rosemary Lloyd (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996) 448 pp. $49.95 cloth $18.95 paper.

Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature. By Froma I. Zeitlin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996) xx + 474 pp. $60.00, £47.95 cloth/$19.95, £15.95 paper.

The Racial Contract. By Charles W. Mills. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), xii + 171 pp. $19.95, £15.95 cloth.

Intimate Encounters: Love and Domesticity in Eighteenth‐Century France. By Richard Rand et al. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) xii + 220 pp., $65.00, £50.00 cloth/$35.00, £25.00 paper.

William of Ockham: A Letter to the Friars Minor and Other Writings. Edited by Arthur Stephen McGrade and John Kilcullen, translated by John Kilcullen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, xl + 390 pp. $64.95, £45.00 cloth/$24.95, £16.95 paper.

Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution: Revisited. By Christopher Hill (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997) xv + 422 pp. £25.00.

The Problem of Humanity: The Blacks in the European Enlightenment. By Kaija Tiainen‐Anttila (Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1994) Studia Historica 50, xii + 367 pp. n.p.g. paper.

Sickness and the State: Health and Illness in Colonial Malaya, 1870–1940. By Lenore Manderson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) xix + 315 pp. $64.95, £40.00 cloth.

Charles Follen's Search for Nationality and Freedom. Germany and America, 1796–1840. By Edmund Spevack (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997) viii + 312 pp. $39.95 cloth.

American Space, Jewish Time: Essays in Modern Culture and Politics. By Stephen J. Whitfield (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1996) xi + 226 pp. $16.50 paper.

Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools. By J. R. Miller (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) xii + 582 pp. $70.00, £52.00 cloth, $29.95, £22.00 paper.

Shakespeare and National Culture. Edited by John J. Joughin (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997) ix + 351 £40.00 cloth £14.99 paper.

Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Edited by Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1997) xii + 470 pp. n.p.g.

Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire. By Katie Trumpener (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), xv + 426 pp. $55.00, £50.00 cloth, $ 19.95, £17.50 paper.

The Politics of Irish Education, 1920–1965. By Sean Farren. (Belfast: Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Irish Studies, 1995), xii + 296 pp. £16.50 cloth.

British Idealism and Social Explanation: A Study in Late Victorian Thought. By Sandra M. den Otter, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). x + 250 pp. n.p.g.

Disruption. By David Appelbaum (New York: SUNY Press, 1996) xiv + 186 pp. $ 19.95 paper.

Carved in Stone: Holocaust Years—A Boy's Tale. By Manny Drukier (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) 254 pp. $35.00 £26.00 cloth.

The Origins and Development of the European Union, 1945–95: A History of European Integration. By Martin J. Dedman (London: Routledge, 1996) xii + 145 pp. £6.99 paper.

Building European Union: A Documentary History and Analysis. Edited by Trevor Salmon and Sir William Nicoll (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997) xiv + 297 pp. £45.00 cloth, £14.99 paper.

Narrative and Meaning in Early Modern England: Browne's Skull and Other Histories. By Howard Marchitello (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), xiv + 229 pp. £37.50, $59.95 cloth.

Samuel Johnson: Literature, Religion and English Cultural Politics from the Restoration to Romanticism. By J. C. D. Clark (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xiv + 270 pp. £30.00, $49.95 cloth/£12.95, $17.95 paper.

The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. By Gerald L. Geison (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, 1997) 378 pp. $16.95, £14.95 paper.

The Economics of Post‐Communist Transition. By Olivier Blanchard (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997) xiii + 149 pp. £18.99.

Latifundium: Moral Economy and Material Life in a European Periphery. By Marta Petrusewicz (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996) xvii + 289 pp. $52.50 cloth.

Russian Society and the Greek Revolution. By Theophilus C. Prousis (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1994) xi + 259 pp. n.p.g.

Three Eras of Political Change in Eastern Europe. By Gale Stokes, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 240 pp. + xiii £13.99 paper.

Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology. By Eric Naiman (Princeton: Princteon University Press, 1997) 307 pp. £27.50, $39.50 cloth.

Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920. By Ilya Somin (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996) 244 pp. $32.95 cloth.