Multifractal Characterization of the Distribution Pattern of the Human Population

The generalized entropy, calculated from the quadrat counts of the population of the United States and Great Britain, is plotted against the logarithm of the quadrat size. These graphs are linear over a range of scales that corresponds to the size of a city up to the size of the country. This linearity indicates a strong scale-invariant component to the spatial population distribution pattern. Measurements of the generalized q-dimensions and alpha spectrum of the spatial population distribution patterns estimated from these graphs are presented.     

International regulation and regional development: Consequences of the single European market for small and medium sized enterprises in Portugal

In seeking to understand contexts for regional development an increasingly important element is the growing influence of international institutions and agreements in the regulation of economic systems. Within Europe the economic liberalization and increased market competition encouraged by the Single European Market (SEM) has been widely predicted to benefit larger elements of capital and core regions of economic activity at the expense of Europe's smaller firms and less favoured peripheral regions. Through analysis of results from empirical research, this paper will analyze the impact of the SEM on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in north and central Portugal. The significance of sectoral and spatial variations in impact are examined by considering two industrial sectors, food and clothing, and the effectiveness of firms’ responses and policy initiatives in mediating the potentially negative impacts of Single Market competition are evaluated.     

On the origins of gunspalls

Historical Archaeology - Gunflints are of particular interest to historical archaeologists. One process of manufacture involved the wedge-shaped gunspall, which has been attributed to a Dutch...     

Book reviews

COMPARING FOREIGN POLICIES: Theories, Findings, and Methods. JAMES N. ROSENAU (ed.) Beverley Hills, Sage Publications distributed by John Wiley & Sons, New York, 442 pp., ISBN 0–470–73613–5, $A23.

NATIONS IN CONFLICT: National Growth and International Violence. NAZLI CHOUCRI and ROBERT C. NORTH, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 356 pp., ISBN 0–7167–0773‐X, $US12.95.

CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS SINCE 1949. ALAN LAWRANCE (ed.) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston, 1975. xii + 261pp. 0–7100–8092–1. $20.80 hardcover.

THE FATE OF THE ATLANTIC COMMUNITY. ELLIOT R. GOODMAN. Praeger, for the Atlantic Council of the United States, New York, 1975. pp.xx, 583. $27.50.

AFTER HITLER: REPORT FROM A WEST GERMAN CITY. JÜRGEN NEVEN‐DU MONT. Translated by Ralph Manheim. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1974. 319 pp. $2.20     

A CITY OF TENANTS: HOMEOWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL CLASS IN MONTREAL, 1847–1881

Over the years 1847 to 1881, as Montreal industrialized, the rate of homeownership declined from 31.6 per cent to 14.7 per cent. From a selection of occupations representative of social classes, it is shown that the large working class was dispossessed, while homeownership increased among the bourgeoisie. Distinctive occupational profiles are reported for homeowners, absentee owners, and resident owners of duplexes and their tenants.
Au cours de la période d'industrialisation des années 1847 à 1881, Montréal est devenue une ville de loca-laires. Le pourcentage de propriétaires-occupants a chuté de 3 7,6 pour cent à 14,7 pour cent. A partir d'un èchantillon des occupations qui caractérisent chaque classe sociale, on découvre que chez les ouvriers le taux a fortement diminué, alors que dans la bourgeoisie il a augmenté. On trace le profil socio-professionnel de plu-sieurs catégories de propriétaires et de locataires, en dis-tinguant le propriétaire-occupant du non-occupant, I'habitat unifamilial du duplex.     

CONSUMERS AS COPRODUCERS OF PUBLIC SERVICES: SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

The concept of coproduction of public services has captured increased attention as a potential means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of local government. In this article we explore the concept of coproduction in an effort to sharpen the definition of that concept and add rigor to our understanding of the effects of coproduction in local service delivery and the processes by which coproductive activity occurs.     

REALISM, MARXISM AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

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Landscaping for a manufacturer: Humphry Repton's commission for Benjamin Gott at Armley in 1809-10

Humphry Repton's design for Benjamin Gott's park at Armley near Leeds is an extraordinary but little known work, featuring woollen mills in its vistas. This paper discusses the complexity and historical significance of this commission and suggests why it is unique. Repton's design is examined in relation to the general structure and temper of English society, to the local social and economic environment and to the values of Repton and Gott. Repton's theory and practice are placed in the context of the debate on beauty and use in an increasingly industrial society. Benjamin Gott's career and outlook as a cloth merchant and manufacturer are considered in the light of the development of the Leeds woollen industry. At Armley, Repton organized pictorially a landscape that included a steam-powered factory, a water-powered scribbling and fulling mill and clothier homesteads. At the rear of the house he composed a vignette of a ruined abbey. Repton's treatment of these features is reflected in comments by local people and by tourists. These comments also express changing attitudes towards beauty and utility. Having compromised many of his aesthetic and moral principles to satisfy Gott, Repton said nothing about the commission in his published works. The subsequent decline of landscape gardening is examined in relation to the changing temper of English society. A discussion of the theoretical implications of this study concludes that more attention should be paid to the material constitution of landscape images.