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951.
Ricardo Fernandes Marie-Josée Nadeau Pieter M. Grootes 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2012,4(4):291-301
Carbon stable isotope ratios (??13C), measured in human bone collagen (??13Ccollagen) and bioapatite (??13Cbioapatite), are commonly used indicators in ancient human diet reconstruction. The underlying assumption is that human tissues broadly reflect the ??13C signal of dietary food sources (??13Cdiet) plus an isotopic offset. However, interpretation of results may be confounded by the differentiated routing of macronutrients (energy, that is carbohydrates and lipids, and protein) having associated different isotopic signals (??13Cenergy, ??13Cprotein). Multiple regression analyses were conducted on data from controlled animal feeding experiments compiled by Froehle et al. (J Archaeol Sci 37:2662?C2670, 2010). We derived a simple algebraic macronutrient-based model with ??13Cbioapatite?=?10.1?+???13Cdiet (??) and ??13Ccollagen?=?4.8?+?0.74 ??13Cprotein?+?0.26 ??13Cenergy (??). While the established relationship for ??13Cbioapatite is similar to previously known results, the model also suggests that ??13Ccollagen signal contributions originate from surprisingly consistent proportions of protein and energy macronutrients. Given that feeding experiments explore extreme variations in the proportion of diet macronutrients, the applicability of the proposed model and its predictions were tested in a variety of well-known, wild animal and human, natural contexts. Possible biochemical mechanisms explaining these empirical results are discussed. 相似文献
952.
Romain Thomas Margareta Tengberg Christophe Moulhérat Vincent Marcon Roland Besenval 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2012,4(1):15-23
The fire that partly destroyed a 4th millennium BCE building at Shahi Tump in the Kech Valley of south-western Pakistan is
responsible for the exceptional preservation by carbonisation of a net found on the burnt floor as a heap of entangled cords
and knots. Macro- and microscopic observation has allowed a reconstruction of the techniques used to manufacture the net from
a two-strand plied cord. The comparison of the phytoliths extracted from the archaeological net to those from a modern reference
collection suggests the use of fibres that originate from the leaves of a local palm species: the desert palm or Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. Besides the technical and archaeobotanical aspects of the study, the paper discussed past and present uses
of the desert palm in the arid regions of the Middle East as well as the possible utilisation (fishing, carrying etc.) of
the protohistoric net. 相似文献
953.
954.
955.
Kristina König Caroline Stöhr Charlotte Wagner 《Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie》2006,30(2):85-90
Abstrakt Obdachlosigkeit, Kriminalit?t, Hunger, Krankheiten, verunreinigtes Wasser und Seuchen sind nur einige Alltagsprobleme fast
einer Milliarde Slumbewohner weltweit. Unter ihnen sind zahlreiche Kinder und Jugendliche, die in den Slumgebieten scheinbar
ohne Zukunftsperspektiven aufwachsen. Viele haben ihre Familie durch AIDS verloren oder sind selbst infiziert. Ohne Arbeit
oder Ausbildungsplatz verbringen sie ihren Alltag auf den Stra?en der Slums. Die extremen Lebensbedingungen erh?hen das gesellschaftliche
Konfliktpotenzial erheblich; nicht selten ist der Einstieg der Kinder und Jugendlichen in die Kriminalit?t die Folge.
Auch in Kenia ist die Lage auf den ersten Blick trostlos: Der Staat zieht sich aus seiner Verantwortung mehr und mehr zurück,
Betroffene sind sich selbst überlassen. Zu ergründen, wie die Jugendlichen selbst L?sungen für ihre Probleme suchen und welche
Perspektiven sich ihnen bieten, war Ziel einer Studie von 15 Studierenden der Universit?t Trier im Jahr 2004 unter der Leitung
von Dr. Johannes Michael Nebe.
Im Rahmen einer mehrw?chigen Feldarbeit in verschiedenen Slumgebieten Nairobis – n?mlich in Kibera, Dandora, Korogocho, Kariobangi
und Mathare – konnten die Studierenden ihr literaturbezogenes Hintergrundwissen über die Probleme in Slumgebieten praktisch
vertiefen. Unterstützt von der Deutschen Stiftung für Weltbev?lkerung trafen sie vor Ort auf selbst organisierte Jugendclubs
und „Community Based Organisation“ (CBOs). Letztere werden von der lokalen Bev?lkerung einer Gemeinde selbst gegründet, organisieren
und verwalten sich selbst. Sie zielen dabei auf die Befriedigung von speziellen Bedürfnissen der Bev?lkerung ab. Ihre Arbeit
ist nicht an Profit, sondern an der Entwicklung der Gemeinde orientiert (UN-Habitat 2004; WELTBANK 2004). Die ersten CBOs
wurden Anfang der 90er Jahre gegründet. 相似文献
956.
Elisabeth Anne Hildebrand Steven Andrew Brandt Joséphine Lesur-Gebremariam 《African Archaeological Review》2010,27(4):255-289
Abstract
Southwest Ethiopia’s cool, moist, and steep highlands differ from other African environments, and may have fostered distinct patterns of Holocene resource use and intensification. Prior to 2004, only a few archaeological projects probed eastern and northern margins of this region. The Kafa Archaeological Project (2004–2006) excavated ten caves and rockshelters in different environments in the heart of southwest Ethiopia to obtain a Holocene chronology and compare it with adjacent regions. At Kumali Rockshelter, middle Holocene deposits show use of a microlithic industry to obtain wild game, and excellent macrobotanical preservation promises to reveal changes in plant use from 4,700 14C bp to the present. Ceramics and domestic animals appear at Kumali and Koka by ~2,000 14C bp, suggesting herding and pottery making appeared late and contacts with neighboring regions were tenuous. Technologically conservative people continued microlith production and sporadic rockshelter use into the eighteenth century CE. 相似文献957.
Frédéric Obringer 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2010,131(3):343-372
Faced with the terrible mortality of the epidem ics during the last years of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the inefficacy of the treatm ents applied, Wu Youxing (ca 1580–1660), the author of the Wenyilun 温疫論 (Treatise on warmfactor epidemics), completed in 1642, proposed a new etiological explanation of these diseases, with a highly critical attitude towards his predecessors. Reception to the book was mixed; it sometimes encountered opposition due to the audacity of some of Wu Youxing’s conceptions, but also, most likely, to the discrepancy between the author’s assertions and the failures in actual application. 相似文献
958.
Caroline Ehrhardt Alain Bernard Grégory Chambon Samuel Gessner Frédéric Brechenmacher HélÈne Gispert Rossana Tazzioli Éric Brian Renaud D’Enfert Karine Chemla Dominique Weber Isabelle Surun Élodie Cassan Jean-FranCcois Goubet Pierre-Henri Castel Vincent Bontems 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2010,131(4):613-659
959.
960.
Matthieu Ghilardi Abdelsalem Genç George Syrides Jan Bloemendal David Psomiadis Thodoris Paraschou Stéphane Kunesch Eric Fouache 《Journal of archaeological science》2010
This paper deals with the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the area surrounding the remnant arch of the ancient bridge of Klidhi, Thessaloniki Plain, Greece. 19th century travellers and 20th century historians discussed the age of the monument and concluded that it was built during Late Roman Times (3rd Cent. AD) and supported a branch of the Via Egnatia road. However, few studies have considered the environmental context of the construction of the bridge, and until now, only two hypotheses have been presented: The bridge was built on or over a junction of the Aliakmon and Loudias Rivers, or on a coastal barrier. Within the framework of a geoarchaeological project developed in April 2008, five boreholes were drilled and the sediment cores analysed for microfauna and sedimentology. Seven 14C AMS dates provided a chronostratigraphic sequence and helped to define the geomorphological evolution of the area. Spatial interpretation of the results was possible using a Landsat TM image (False Colour Composite – FCC). Our data indicate the gradual transition of the site from a marine to a terrestrial environment during Ancient Times. Lagoonal conditions dominated during the construction of the bridge and the presence of a palaeochannel of the Aliakmon River was later revealed (transition from Byzantine and Ottoman periods), overlying sediments of a coastal barrier. 相似文献