Chemical composition and colouring agents of Roman mosaic and millefiori glass, studied by electron microprobe analysis and Raman microspectroscopy

About 100 fragments of Roman mosaic and millefiori glass were stylistically attributed to a Hellenistic type, a Ptolemaic and Romano-Egyptian period type and an early imperial period type. Twelve representative fragments were studied by electron microprobe analysis and Raman microspectroscopy. Eleven of them display a Na-pronounced recipe with low K, Mg and P contents, typical for the Roman period. Minor differences in composition are unsystematic, not reflecting the stylistic classification. Ionic colouring agents are Mn³⁺ for violet, Cu²⁺ for light blue, Co²⁺ for deep blue and Fe³⁺ for brown translucent colours. Calcium antimonates, lead antimonate and cuprite are the colourants responsible for white, yellow and red colours, respectively, and additionally serve as opacifiers. Mixing of ionic colouring agents and opacifying colourants led to a more differentiated palette of colours. Pb was used as yellow colouring agent, as a flux material and as a stabiliser for the colourant crystals. The remaining fragment consisting of a K-pronounced but still Na-bearing glass matrix was most likely produced during the Middle Ages or later.     

H. Bechert,Der Buddhismus I. Der indische Buddhismus und seine Verzweigungen von Heinz Bechert,Johannes Bronkhorst,Jacob Ensink,Jens-Uwe Hartmann,Petra Kieffer-Pülz,Hans-Joachim Klimkeit,Siegfried Lienhard,Ian William Mabbett

Indo-Iranian Journal -     

Wills,deeds, acts: women's civic gift-giving in Ottoman Istanbul

The waqf (plural awqaf) is the Islamic pious endowment founded for charitable purposes. The Ottoman waqf, especially between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, became a gift-giving practice of solidarity in which women played an active role in founding and maintaining endowments as benefactors. These endowments served almost exclusively civic public services. While there has been considerable research on women and waqf, by moving beyond interpreting the ostensible motives that are always intertwined with women's role as ‘family caretakers’ or ‘devout Muslims’, we attempt to suggest that, interpreted as acts of piety, awqaf, and especially those that were founded as organized spaces known as külliyes, became institutions by which women were able to cultivate (in themselves and others) civic identities, and articulate civic solidarities as citizens of their cities. This image of women as civic gift-givers recasts them as active citizens of Ottoman cities, especially Istanbul.     

谌湛溪先生生平考证三则

本文考证确定：谌湛溪先生于1904年至1908年就学于京师大学堂,1910年至1917年留学美国纽约哥伦比亚大学,为第二批70名庚款留美学生之一;谌湛溪先生没有担任过清朝的矿务大臣;谌湛溪先生曾参加了中国科学社和中华国民中央研究院的筹建。     

Lefèvre,Vincent, Commanditaires & artistes en Inde du Sud. Des Pallava aux Nāyak (VI e –XVIII e siècle).

Indo-Iranian Journal -