L'e´volution et la diffusion de la doctrine fe´de´raliste dans l'apre ¤ s-guerre: l'exemple de l'Union europe´enne des fe´de´ralistes

Ne reposant le plus souvent que sur des idées abstraites ou des voeux pieux, le sentiment européen s'est bien souvent cantonné à l'espérance, voire à l'incantation: faire l'Europe pour que cessent les guerres. Les grands événements internationaux du XXe siècle, qui, àdeux reprises, démontrent àquels extrêmes peut conduire l'idée nationale, offrent cependant une chance aux européistes de se faire entendre. C'est surtout le cas de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, au cours de laquelle des hommes, dans différents pays, posent les bases d'une pensée fédéraliste ambitieuse, présentée comme une solution raisonnable apte àfaire cesser le cycle guerrier. Chose inédite, ces mêmes hommes projettent la création d'une véritable plate-forme rassemblant tous les mouvements qui se réclament de cette pensée: c'est la naissance de l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes (UEF) en décembre 1946. Ce mouvement, fortement liéàl'esprit de la Résistance, souhaite mettre sur pied ce qui a toujours fait défaut àl'européisme: une organisation efficace, un recrutement ouvert et des campagnes d'opinion intenses. L'UEF peut être ainsi étudiée àtrois échelles différentes: l'échelle chronologique d'abord, qui permet d'observer l'évolution, en quelques années, d'un groupe qui se réclamait, àla Libération, d'une Europe Troisième Force et de voir comment celui-ci adapte son discours aux péripéties de la Guerre froide; l'échelle idéologique ensuite, car l'UEF n'est qu'un cadre où s'experiment de manière parfois contradictoire des doctrines fédéralistes d'origines culturelles diverses; l'échelle interne, enfin, qui nous permet d'exposer les différentes composantes géographiques du mouvement et leurs capacités de mobilisation en Europe. Nous pourrons, àtravers ces trois questionnements, tenter de comprendre les particularités de militantisme européen, incarné àcette époque par l'UEF, et les raisons de sa brusque disparition après l'échec de la CommunautéEuropéenne de Défense.     

From photography to cinematography: recording movement and gait in a neurological context

The major challenge of photography has been freezing movement, to transform it into a fixed image or series of images. Very soon, photographers became interested in movement itself and tried to use photography as a tool to analyze movement. At the early stages, physicians interested in movement, perhaps surprisingly, made important technical contributions. Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, by Duchenne, the first book with physiological experiments illustrated by photographs, is a landmark in this historical development. At the Salpêtrière, thanks to Charcot, photography officially entered clinical neurology. Medical journals with photographs were actively developed by Bourneville. Londe established a clinical photographic laboratory and published the first book on medical photography. The study of animal and human movement by Muybridge and Marey in the 1880s led to chronophotography and later cinematography. Clinicians such as Dercum and Richer took advantage of these new techniques to study pathological movement and gait in neurological diseases.     

Four Pathways to Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada

Abstract

Recent decades have seen the rising of a vital, multifaceted politics in Canada, focused on the future relations between Aboriginal peoples and the Canadian state. While there are many debates about specific arrangements, there is consensus that the negotiated establishment of Aboriginal self-government constitutes a major piece of unfinished business for the Canadian federation. This essay seeks to contribute more structure and focus to contemporary debates by examining four different models of Aboriginal government: “mini-municipalities,” a third order of government institutions, the public government federal option, and nation-to-nation relations. Each form has different implications for the relationship between Aboriginal and Canadian political communities, and each has different implications for the institutions and practices of Canadian federalism. We argue that further concurrency of powers and greater asymmetries in intergovernmental relations are likely to be notable features of the Canadian federation, and that no single model or pathway is likely to emerge as the dominant one in the near and medium term.     

The fertility of the Inuit of Northern Québec: A half‐century of fluctuations

The fertility of the Inuit of Northern Québec went through many changes during the last fifty years. We observe, at first, a decline during the thirties followed by a recovery, in the early forties, stopped momentarily between 1946 and 1956. The fertility reached a summit around 1961 to drop sharply afterwards. In spite of this important decrease, the fertility of the Inuit remains much higher than the generations replacement level.

We will try to relate these fluctuations in the Northern Québec Inuit fertility to the various events that influenced the recent history of this population such as starvations, epidemics, settling process, health improvements and socio‐economic changes.     

The municipal elections of March 2001

This article analyses Algeria's ongoing 'civil war' through the lens of contemporary Algerian theatre. Specifically, it examines the relationship between Algeria's unsuccessful transition to democratic, religious pluralism and Alek Baylee Toumi's 1996 play, Madah-Sartre . Among the prominent themes covered are the issues of gender equality as represented in the efforts of Khalida Messaoudi (Toumi's sister) to resist the 1984 Algerian Family Code; the rise of Islamic radicalism; the legacy of the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir within contemporary Algerian intellectual and political communities; the problem of Islamic and state-sponsored terrorism; and the effects of the Islamic radicals' policies of assassinating Algerian intellectuals on the Algerian community in the diaspora.