Income differences within municipalities in Finland, 1989–1997

Differences in income between population groups in Finland have begun to increase since the recession of the early 1990s. These differences are examined here in terms of mean taxable incomes per household in 1989, 1993 and 1997 in 1 × 1 km grid cells, and the results are compared with those obtained using postal districts and municipalities as areal units. In spite of the increase, taxable income differences within municipalities are still relatively small. It is clear, however, that incomes have risen more in areas of increasing population than in areas of declining population. The results also indicate that the smaller the areal unit used, the greater the income differences, and vice versa. Thus the results of analyses based on different areal units cannot necessarily be regarded as comparable.     

Municipal history and activities

The emergence of synthetic alkali production in Britain during the early nineteenth century was associated with pronounced regional growth. Three areas in particular developed an incipient soda industry: south‐west Lancashire, Tyneside and especially the central valley of Scotland. This paper sets out to evaluate the importance of raw materials and market structures as locational factors at a time when knowledge of this new technology was in the hands of the few and its diffusion was strongly channelled by an emerging chemical fraternity. In doing so some understanding of an industrial legacy which has proved difficult to change and impossible to obliterate is provided.     

Reviews of Folklore Scholarship

AN INTERIM CHECKLIST OF CHAPBOOKS CONTAINING TRADITIONAL PLAY TEXTS, by M. J. PRESTON, M. G. SMITH and P. S. SMITH, History of the Book Trade in the North, Newcastle, 1976, £1.50: MORRICE DANCERS AT REVESBY, CECTAL Facsimiles No. 1, University of Sheffield, 1976, 75p: THE PACE EGG : THE MIDGLEY VERSION, Introduction by H. W. HARWOOD and F. H. MARSDEN, 2nd ed., David Bland, Halifax, 1977, 75p. Reviewed by Derek Froome.

FOLKLORE TODAY: A FESTSCHRIFT FOR RICHARD M. DORSON. Edited by LINDA DÉGH, HENRY GLASSIE and FELIX J. OINAS. Bloomington, Indiana University. 1976. xx+537 pp. Reviewed by J. D. A. Widdowson.

THE MONGOL WORLD EMPIRE 1206–1370. By JOHN ANDREW BOYLE. Variorum Reprints, London. 1977. 316 pp. Reviewed by C. R. Bawden.

SCOTTISH PLACE-NAMES, THEIR STUDY AND SIGNIFICANCE. By W. F. H. NICOLAISEN. Batsford, London. 1976. 8vo, xxix+210 pp. £4.95. Reviewed by John McNeal Dodgson.

AMERICAN FOLK MEDICINE. Edited by WAYLAND D. HAND. University of California Press. Reviewed by Eric Trimmer.

ORAL POETRY. Its nature, significance and social content. By RUTH FINNEGAN. Cambridge University Press. 1977. Pp. 300. £7.50. Reviewed by H. R. Ellis Davidson.

THE FAIRIES IN TRADITION AND LITERATURE. By K. M. BRIGGS. Routledge &; Kegan Paul. £2.95. Reviewed by Alicia C. Percival.

THE OLD SONGS OF SKYE: FRANCES TOLMIE AND HER CIRCLE. By ETHEL BASSIN, ed. by DEREK BOWMAN. Routledge &; Kegan Paul, London. 1977. Pp. 227. £5.95. Reviewed by E. B. Lyle.

PROBLEME DER SAGENFORSCHUNG. VERHANDLUNGEN DER TAGUNG VERANSTALTET VON DER KOMMISSION FUR ERZÄHLUNGSFORSCHUNG DER DEUTSCHEN GESELLSCHAFT FÜR VOLKSKUNDE … 1973 IN FREIBURG IM BREISGAU. Ed. by L. RÖHRICH. Freiburg, Forschungsstelle Sage. 1973. Pp. 219, 3 illustrations. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

B. P. SCHLIEPHACKE, MÄRCHEN, SEELE UND SINNBILD. Ed by E. KRACHT. Vol. 5 of the Schriften der Geselhchaft zur Pflege des Märchengutes der europaischen Völker. Münster (Verlag Aschendorff). 1974. Pp. 143. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

INDEX OF MEXICAN FOLKTALES. By STANLEY L. ROBE. Folklore Studies vol. 26. Berkeley (University of California Press), 1973. Pp. xxiii+276. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.     

Restoration considered as a Destructive Art

A disparity exists between the numbers of males and females buried in Romano-British cemeteries, as compared with those of the late pre-Roman Iron Age: this is interpreted as reflecting the influence of Romanisation and the practice of female infanticide. In the late fourth and early fifth centuries A.D. the practice was in the process of being curtailed with the expansion of Christianity in Britain. The balance between the sexes was restored after the end of the Roman occupation.     

The Killing of the Khazar Kings

PSYCHOLOGY AND PRIMITIVE CULTURE. By F. C. BARTLETT. Cambridge: University Press, 1923. Pp. xii + 294. 8s. 6d. n. Reviewed by R. R. Marett.

THE EXEMPLA OF THE RABBIS. By M. GASTER. [The. Asia Publishing Co.'s Oriental Series, edited by BRUNO SCHINDLER, Ph.D., Section III.: Palestine (Hebrew),. vol. I.] Leipzig-London, 1924. Pp. xlviii + 314 + 208. £2 2s. n. Reviewed by W. R. Halliday.

MASSENKUNST IM 16. JAHRHUNDERT, FLUGBLÄTTER AUS DER SAMMLUNG WICKIANA. FEHR, H. (Denkmale der Volkskunst, ed. by Wilhelm Fraenger). Berlin: Herbert Stubenrauch, 1924. 4°. Pp. 121 + 86. 10s. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

ANGLO-NORMAN LAPIDARIES. By PAUL STUDER and JOAN EVANS. Paris: Ed. Champion, 1924. 8vo. Pp. xx + 404. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

LES ROIS THAUMATURGES. Étude sur le caractere surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale, particulierèment en France et en Angleterre. By MARC BLOCH, Professeur à l'Univ. de Strasbourg. (Strasbourg and Paris, Librairie Istra, 1924.) Oxford University Press. Large 8vo. Pp. vii + 542; 4 plates. Fr. 30 (12s. 6d. n.). Reviewed by H. J. Rose.

LA POÉSIE CHEZ LES PRIMITIFS, OU CONTES, FABLES, RÉCITSET PROVERBES DU RWANDA (Lac Kivu). Par le R. P. EUGÈNE HUREL (Pères Blancs). Brussels: Goemaere, 21 Rue de la Limite), n.d. 10″ x 6½″. Pp. 260. 18 f. Reviewed by A. Werner.

LA LANGUE KISONGE. GRAMMAIRE—VOCABULAIRE—PROVERBES. Par le R. P. A. SAMAIN, Missionnaire de Scheut Au Kasai (Congo Beige). Brussels: Goemare, 21 Rue de la Limite, n.d. (Being No. XIV of the Bibliothèque-Congo). 10″ x 6½″. Pp. 152. Reviewed by A. Werner.

THE PANCHATANTRA RECONSTRUCTED. By FRANKLIN EDGERTON Connecticut, New Haven: American Oriental Society 1924. Two Vols. Vol. I., Text and Critical Apparatus Vol. II., Introduction and Translation. 8vo. Pp. x + 406 xix + 409. Reviewed by H. A. Rose.

THE OCEAN OF STORY : being C. H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Kathā. Sarit Sagara (or Ocean of Streams of Story). Ed. by N. M. Penzer. (10 vols.) Vol. I. pp. xli + 334. Privately printed for subscribers: Chas. J. Sawyer, 1924. 10″ + 6?″. Pp. xli + 335. 42s. n. per vol. Reviewed by W. R. Halliday.