Weiterentwicklung der Zentrenstruktur in Verdichtungsräumen

Die Verdichtungsr?ume werden zunehmend gepr?gt von einem anhaltenden Ansiedlungs– und Erweiterungsdruck gro?fl?chiger Einzelhandelsbetriebe. Dadurch werden Auswirkungen auf die Zentren– und Versorgungsstrukturen befürchtet. Die Fl?chennachfrage betrifft insbesondere die verkehrsgünstigen, nicht zentrenintegrierten Standorte innerhalb der Kernstadt sowie Standorte in den angrenzenden St?dten und Gemeinden. Darüber hinaus existieren bereits vielfach Einzelhandelsagglomerationen mit hohem Anteil an gro?fl?chigen Vertriebsformen. Grundlage für die raumordnerische Beurteilung von Gro?fl?chen– und Einzelhandelsprojekten ist das – in Niedersachsen dreistufige – System der Zentralen Orte (Ober– Mittel– und Grundzentren), auf Basis dessen in den Regionalen Raumordnungsprogrammen (RROP) n?here Aussagen getroffen werden. Allgemein besteht dabei die regionalplanerische Forderung nach funktionaler und regionaler Integration von Einzelhandelsvorgaben bzw. –standorten in die st?dtische und regionale Versorgungsstruktur: • Art und Umfang des Vorhabens (Versorgungsbedeutung, ausgedrückt in der Einzelhandelszentralit?t und dem Einzugsbereich) sollen der zentral?rtlichen Bedeutung der Standortkommune entsprechen. • In engem Zusammenhang damit sollen die Gesamtstrukturen des Einzelhandels und der Einzugsbereich in einem angemessenen Verh?ltnis zur Bev?lkerungszahl im Verflechtungsbereich stehen bzw. diesen nicht wesentlich überschreiben (wobei die Verflechtungsbereiche in Niedersachsen nicht weiter definiert sind). Faktisch sind jedoch – neben dem Netz der Zentralen Orte – sekund?re, angebotsorientierte Standortnetze des gro?fl?chigen Einzelhandels entstanden. Aus Sicht der Raumordnung stellt sich somit das Problem, dass die Zentrale–Orte–Hierarchie als Bewertungsgrundlage insbesondere für st?dtebaulich schwer integrierbare gro?fl?chige Einzelhandelsbetriebe gerade in Verdichtungsr?umen unzureichend ist (vgl. CONVENT & v. Rohr 1997.     

A Cross-Cultural Study of Young Children's Mapping Abilities

The mapping abilities of four-year-old children in York, England, Durban, South Africa, Tehran, Iran, Mexico City, Mexico and Evanston, Illinois, USA were investigated, using a methodology involving air-photo identification and simulated navigation on an air photo. The results show that essential mapping abilities (perspective and scale transformations) are well developed by the age of four in these cultures, and provide some evidence in support of the hypothesis that mapping abilities emerge without training in very young children of all cultures.     

Revisiting Gendered Representations of Humility: An Examination of Sources from Late Medieval Italy

During the Middle Ages, gender-neutral representations of humility as a quality linked to spiritual love and voluntary service competed with representations according to gendered patterns, such as those related to the naked and dressed body in terms of its biological and social functions and its appearance. Moving from Dante's examples of humility in Purgatory, Canto X, this article focuses on representations of humility in textual and pictorial sources authored by women and men between the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in Italy. By showing the complexity of these representations, this article revisits and reconsiders one-sided historiographical narratives according to which humility in the Middle Ages was intrinsically, persistently and negatively related to feminine suppression and servility.     

Mortars in context: An integrated study of mortars and plasters from the so-called Ginnasio in Solunto (Sicily,Italy)

This paper presents a multipronged scientific study of mortars and plasters of the so-called Ginnasio in the Hellenistic–Roman city of Solunto (Sicily, Italy). A selection of 16 well-contextualized samples was collected to represent different functions and building phases of this private house. The results show that a variety of locally available raw materials was used as aggregates and to produce binders. The diversity of raw materials’ sources and production techniques identified in this study reveals the advanced technological knowledge of the builders of Solunto, indicating a complex relationship between the settlement's cityscape and its surrounding landscape.     

Daily growth increments on fish otoliths as seasonality indicators on archaeological sites: The Tilapia from late palaeolithic Makhadma in Egypt

Daily growth increments in fish otoliths have been demonstrated for the first time on Quaternary sagittae from a late palaeolithic site in Egypt and they have allowed us to establish the season of fishing. Transverse sections of tilapia sagittae studied under light-microscope demonstrate that recrystallization during diagenesis renders the majority of the margins unreadable. The well-preserved otoliths, however, all have widely spaced outer growth lines, indicating that the fish died during a period of fast growth which coincides with the flood season. Moreover, counting the daily increments showed that late palaeolithic man captured the animals on the floodplain of the Nile after the maximum of the flood, when residual pools were present.     

Putting Severity of Punishment Back in the Deterrence Package

Studies of criminal deterrence usually show an effect of certainty of punishment but often fail to find an effect of the severity. This is a serious threat to the theoretical underpinnings of deterrence theory. Through both a survey of 39 analyses in 33 published studies and our own reanalysis of an often-used data set, we show the problem rests not with the theory but with the analysis of the theory. Finding no severity effect can be traced to "unbundling the theoretical package" when moving from the theory to the statistical models used to represent the theory.     

Innovative Trends in Women's and Gender Studies of the National Socialist Era

The text is less a review of the new literature than a reflectionon significant and innovative current trends in the historiographyon women and gender in the National Socialist era. The firstpart deals with various women's activities within milieus andprofessions, including their room for manoeuvre: midwives, socialworkers, female Nazi functionaries, and female auxiliary workersof the Nazi Wehrmacht. The second part of the article addressesspecific features of biopolitics, targeted not only againstJews but also against asocial women, homosexuals and prostitutes.It also looks at visual images of bodies. Although the Nazistried to create strongly determined binaries to categorize ‘we’and ‘the others’ in the arts and other propagandamaterial, there existed, in fact, a broad spectrum of body images,especially among media stars. A third trend in the history ofthe Third Reich deals not only with the politics of exclusionbut also of inclusion, as found in the concept of Volksgemeinschaft(national community), a concept that had many facets, such asthe Volksfamilie, comradeship and home front. And it was themedia that had the task of ‘translating’ this conceptto the people in many appealing ways. The fourth part considersthe gendering of memories after 1945 and the dominance of malenarratives and points of view. The four parts of the articleare intended to contribute to intersectional history and thehistory of social engineering.     

Embalming methods and plants in Renaissance Italy: two artificial mummies from Siena (central Italy)

Knowledge of the embalming methods used in Renaissance Italy comes not only from the literary texts of physicians and surgeons of that period, but also from artificial mummies which have been found. In 1999 two mummified bodies, dated back to the end of 15^th and beginning of the 16^th century, were recovered in a crypt of the hospital chapel of Santa Maria della Scala in Siena (central Italy). The individuals were identified as Salimbene Capacci (1433–1497), Rector of the hospital, and his wife, Margherita Sozzini (?-1511). The mummies were submitted to autopsy and paleopathological examination, which included Computed Tomography. Palaeobotanical and palynological analyses were performed on the vegetable materials and plants used to fill the body cavities. This study was carried out with a multidisciplinary perspective, that allowed us to reconstruct the embalming techniques and substances used for mummification. The results are compared with the evidences provided by other mummies and embalming handbooks of that time.