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951.
Bertram Mapunda 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(3):161-175
Pre-colonial African ironworking was much more than just a technology; it encompassed economic, social, political, symbolic,
and even healing components. It is only unfortunate that archaeometallurgical research has not availed equal weight to each
aspect, hence the apparent obscurity of some of them. Revealing the multiple facets of healing as manifested in ironworking
technology, this paper attempts to rectify this imbalance. Essentially, the paper examines pros and cons of combining ironworking
with healing of humans, a phenomenon common among ironworking communities in pre-colonial Africa. It is revealed that by combining
the two, iron smelters ensured themselves of gains beyond technology and economy; they also became socially and politically
influential. In addition, the paper notes that there existed a very close connection between healing and ritualism not only
among smelter–healers but also conventional healers. After a thorough examination, it is found that the connection between
the two was also pragmatic and deliberately instituted by the practitioners in order to enhance monopoly of their trade and
protect their inventions against interlopers. 相似文献
952.
Víctor M. Fernández 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(4):279-300
Two sites with schematic rock paintings in Western Ethiopia, where Islamic ceremonies connected with rain-making are performed
and miraculous events are said to occur regularly, are interpreted in the light of such factors as the beliefs of local informants,
the Islamic appropriation of prehistoric rituals in Northern Africa, the characteristics of similar sites linked to rain-making
rituals throughout Eastern Africa and the apotropaic meaning of schematic marks in many traditional cultures. Probably painted
by the ancestors of the current Koman language speakers during the Later Stone Age or shortly afterwards, the rock art contextual
analysis reveals the complexity of interregional relationships and processes affecting the multi-ethnic frontier regions in
pre-colonial times and shows how the local groups have recombined prehistoric and historic religions and ideologies into an
original mix that bears witness to the region’s multifaceted history. 相似文献
953.
954.
The study of Near Eastern Neolithic villages provides a unique means of tracing subsistence strategy, population growth, health, and emerging social inequality associated with agricultural origins. However, disentangling these patterns requires a detailed comprehension of the chronological placement of individual households in the site. In this paper, we present a test to determine the reliability and applicability of the fluoride dating method (a relative dating method) on human dentition of 40 samples from 28 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (or PPNB) burials from the site of Tell Halula, in Syria. This method, applied here for the first time on a Neolithic Near East case study, is an alternative when other dating methods, like radiocarbon dates, do not provide the required temporal resolution to address particular research problems. Nonetheless, the results obtained in the fluoride analysis show how both the age at death of individuals, and the integrity of the burial plug enormously affect the amount of fluoride absorbed by teeth, so that only a small subset of the full dataset was suitable for fluoride dating. Although the distribution of fluoride values of dentine from the small sample of burials from suitable contexts matches the expected chronology, and corroborates the hypothesis that the occupation at Halula extends from the Middle to the Late PPNB, our analysis illustrates the need for a better understanding of the different sources of error in fluoride dating to improve the method itself, and to obtain more reliable fluoride chronologies. 相似文献
955.
Torben C. Rick Brendan J. Culleton Carley B. Smith John R. Johnson Douglas J. Kennett 《Journal of archaeological science》2011
Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analyses of dog (Canis familiaris), island fox (Urocyon littoralis), and human bone collagen from CA-SRI-2 (AD 130–1830) on Santa Rosa Island, California provide a proxy of diet and the relationships between humans and these animals. Carbon isotopic signatures indicate that Native Americans and their dogs at CA-SRI-2 subsisted almost exclusively on marine resources, while the island fox ate primarily terrestrial foods. Nitrogen isotopes and archaeofaunal remains indicate that humans and dogs also ate higher trophic level foods, including finfishes, marine mammals, and seabirds with smaller amounts of shellfish. The CA-SRI-2 island foxes appear to have eaten higher amounts of terrestrial foods, similar to the diets observed in modern fox populations. These data generally confirm the commensal relationship assumed to exist between domesticated dogs and people, but the carbon isotopic composition of dogs is enriched ∼2‰ compared to humans. We hypothesize that the difference in carbon isotopes between dogs and humans may have resulted from a higher consumption of C3 plants with lower δ13C values by humans, or less likely from the ingestion by dogs of significant amounts of bone collagen, which is enriched by ∼4‰ over associated muscle. 相似文献
956.
957.
Michael J. O’Brien R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):309-335
Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs. 相似文献
958.
David Wheatley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):256-271
This paper notes the adoption of digital photography as a primary recording means within archaeology, and reviews some issues
and problems that this presents. Particular attention is given to the problems of recording high-contrast scenes in archaeology
and high dynamic range imaging using multiple exposures is suggested as a means of providing an archive of high-contrast scenes
that can later be tone-mapped to provide a variety of visualisations. Exposure fusion is also considered, although it is noted
that this has some disadvantages. Three case studies are then presented: (1) a very high-contrast photograph taken from within
a rock-cut tomb at Cala Morell, Menorca, (2) an archaeological test pitting exercise requiring rapid acquisition of photographic
records in challenging circumstances and (3) legacy material consisting of three differently exposed colour positive (slide)
photographs of the same scene. In each case, high dynamic range (HDR) methods are shown to significantly aid the generation
of a high-quality illustrative record photograph, and it is concluded that HDR imaging could serve an effective role in archaeological
photographic recording, although there remain problems of archiving and distributing HDR radiance map data. 相似文献
959.
Alan Mayne 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):553-562
Much of the excitement generated in Britain since 2007 by the York Archaeological Trust’s excavations of the city’s Hungate
neighborhood, which Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree characterized as a “slum” in his pioneering poverty survey of 1901, derives
from the unexpected volume and variety of material evidence uncovered about life in a poor community within a modern industrial
city. Such material evidence and its often uncertain relationships to other historical data can enhance analysis by complicating
understanding of the past, rather than echoing conventional wisdom. Findings from Hungate can thus contribute to nuanced understandings
of urban social disadvantage not only at the neighborhood level in this one particular British city, but at the larger scales
of analysis that encompass the growth of cities and interacting urban regions in Britain and around the world during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. These understandings have contemporary relevance for a world in which over half of humanity now lives
in urban areas, as misconceptions about “slums” continue to undermine efforts to reduce urban inequality. 相似文献
960.
Stacey Lynn Camp 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):305-328
In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America, the consumption of American-made goods was seen as an expression
of one’s patriotism and loyalty to the nation. According to a number of historical archaeological case studies, racialized
groups, such as African Americans and Chinese Americans, used consumption as a way of gaining access to the full benefits
of American citizenship typically reserved for individuals deemed “white” by law. The material culture of Mexican immigrants
living in early twentieth-century Los Angeles tells a slightly different tale. Despite being ascribed a legal whiteness, archaeological
and documentary data suggest that Mexican immigrants expressed ambivalence toward their consumption of American goods and
outright rejected the notion that exerting such buying power would lead to a broader acceptance in Anglo American society. 相似文献