清代后期西方人笔下的西安城——基于英文文献的考察

清代后期前往西安城从事传教、考察、游历、行医等活动的欧美人士数量众多,其日记、游记、调查报告等是复原清代后期西安城社会生活、城市景观的重要参考文献。在西方人笔下,清代西安城作为中国西部之都,城高池深,人口众多,各省移民和多民族人口聚居,城区布局严整;作为西北商贸集散中心和亚洲商道节点,西安城贾通八方,商业繁荣,贸易额巨大。相关英文文献的深入发掘和研究,不仅有益于复原清末西安的城市面貌,更可藉此了解19世纪后期至20世纪初期西方世界对于西安城的认识与评价。     

霸伯治盐与西周井田

西周霸伯铜器铭文显示,位于今山西翼城大河口的霸国伯主不仅有为西周王室治盐之责,而且兼有御戎守护盐池安全的使命。霸伯簋铭文记载了井叔专来霸国辨定盐卤的种类和等级,并命霸伯征伐,提供其美田一百井之井田中央百亩公田所产的两种谷物作为军粮,补其军资。文章结合相关铭文资料讨论了西周井田制和军賦,并就与井田相关的官制官氏等问题提出了看法。     

东南亚史研究的新史料、新方法和新视角——以哈里·本达奖获奖著作为例

哈里·本达奖是美国亚洲研究学会旨在表彰东南亚研究领域杰出成果的国际学术大奖,代表了当代国际学界东南亚历史研究的重要成果。本达奖获奖著作涵盖东南亚殖民主义史、社会史、文化史等领域,并不断拓展到宗教史、女性史等专题史研究,反映第二次世界大战后东南亚史研究范式的重大转向,并从史料、方法、视角领域探讨了东南亚历史发展的本土性、自主性与能动性。获奖作品在当代东南亚史研究领域的理论探讨与实践研究方面都做出了积极贡献,值得中国东南亚史学界进一步学习与借鉴。     

An integrated assessment of China's South—North Water Transfer Project

China's South–North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) is a vast and still expanding network of infrastructure and institutions that moves water from the Yangtze River and its tributaries to cities in North China. This article aims to assess the SNWTP's impacts by beginning to answer seven questions about the project: How is the management of the SNWTP evolving? What are the problems to be resolved when managing SNWTP water within jurisdictions? What are the status and management of water quality in the SNWTP? What are the consequences of resettlements caused by the SNWTP? How is increased water supply affecting regional development? Is the SNWTP achieving its stated environmental goals? What are the sustainability credentials of the SNWTP? Drawing on primary and secondary data, the article demonstrates both that the opportunities and burdens characterising the project are highly uneven and that management systems are evolving rapidly in an attempt to enforce strict water quality targets. Furthermore, while the SNWTP may be helping to resolve groundwater overexploitation in Beijing, it is highly energy intensive, raising questions about its sustainability. Our analysis highlights the need to continue to interrogate the socio‐economic, environmental, and political implications of such schemes long after they are officially completed.     

人类学如何研究道路?——道路研究的回顾与反思

道路作为基础设施的物质存在之所以受到越来越多的重视,就在于往返于道路之上的人与物以及由此衍生而出的文化,与道路共同构成了我们的生活世界,任何人显然都没有办法将自己与道路完全割裂开来。通过梳理既有的道路研究可以发现,道路并非只是一项纯粹的基础设施,人类学家更愿意将其放入到整个社会之中,借以考察道路背后的政治隐喻、权力技术、空间实践以及文化表达。回顾和反思既有的道路研究,有利于我们更好地认识道路以及与道路相关的政治经济学。     

官办商报：清末督抚控制舆论策略研究

清末两江总督端方、上海道台蔡乃煌利用官款大规模收购民营报纸,将《申报》《中外日报》《舆论时事报》等据为官有,借以控制舆论,这些报纸被称为“官办商报”。作为一种运作舆论的手段,官办商报在抵制革命党的宣传等方面起到一定效果;但官办商报经常卷入内部政争,受到各种政治势力的干预,同时也刺激了报人借报勒索的行为,端方等始作俑者反受其害。官办商报与其他民营报刊的矛盾日益深化,最终在御史和谘议局的反对下废止。光宣之际官办商报的推行一度强化了清朝官方对上海报界的控制,却无力改变报刊舆论的整体环境,最终也无法阻止各报的激进宣传。     

The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China

Located in present-day Jiaxiang in Shandong province, the Wu family shrines built during the second century in the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) were among the best-known works in Chinese art history. Although for centuries scholars have exhaustively studied the pictorial programs, the frontal-pose female image situated on the second floor of the central pavilion carved at the rear wall of the shrines has remained a question. Beginning with the woman's eyes, this article demonstrates that the image is more than a generic portrait (“hard motif”), but rather represents “feminine overseeing from above” (“soft motif”). This synthetic motif combines three different earlier motifs – the frontal-pose hostess enjoying entertainment, the elevated spectator, and the Queen Mother of the West. By creatively fusing the three motifs into one unity, the Jiaxiang artists lent to the frontal-pose lady a unique power: she not only dominated the center of the composition, but also, like a divine being, commanded a unified view of the surroundings on the lofty building, hence echoing the political reality of the empress mother's “overseeing the court” in the second century during Eastern Han dynasty.     

Early Carboniferous brachiopod faunas from the Baoshan block,west Yunnan,southwest China

38 brachiopod species in 27 genera and subgenera are described from the Yudong Formation in the Shidian-Baoshan area, west Yunnan, southwest China. New taxa include two new subgenera: Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) and Brachythyrina (Longathyrina), and seven new species: Eomarginifera yunnanensis, Marginatia cylindrica, Unispirifer (Unispirifer) xiangshanensis, Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) wafangjieensis, Brachythyrina (Brachythyrina) transversa, Brachythyrina (Longathyrina) baoshanensis, and Girtyella wafangjieensis. Based on the described material and constraints from associated coral and conodont faunas, the age of the brachiopod fauna from the Yudon Formation is considered late Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous), with a possibility extending into earlyViséan.     

浅谈仿真软件在部队院校电工电子教学中的应用

本文针对部队院校学员的实际情况,提出了一种利用仿真软件的优势,调动学员学习兴趣,促使部队学员电工电子知识系统的融合。使掌握的知识由理论向实际转变,从而满足当前对军人高素质的需求。     

黑水城出土西夏文卖地契研究

已公布的1件黑水城出土西夏文土地买卖契约及本文公布新发现的11件西夏文草书土地买卖契约,为了解西夏黑水城地区的土地买卖及相关情况提供了宝贵资料。西夏晚期,该地区相当部分农民生活困苦,不得不出卖土地换取口粮,从而导致寺庙和地主兼并土地的现象。契约提供了关于农户的耕地数量、耕地和院落、土地四至的信息。从一些有连带关系的土地买卖契约,还可大致勾画出部分土地和灌渠的分布情况。而契约中有些农户分散居住在各自耕地上的特点,则反映出党项民族游牧习俗的影响和当地耕地较多的地方特色。契约中关于渠道、给水等内容反映了当地农业依靠灌溉的特点,补充了西夏法典《天盛律令》有关水利管理的规定。这些契约继承了中国传统契约的形式,并形成自己的风格,是唐宋契约和元代契约的一种中间过渡形式。