Closed‐Form Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Nearest Neighbor Spatial Dependence

Models of n² potential spatial dependencies among n observations spread irregularly over space seem unlikely to yield simple structure. However, the use of the nearest neighbor leads to a very parsimonious eigenstructure of the associated adjacency matrix which results in an extremely simple closed form for the log determinant. In turn, this leads to a closed‐form solution for the maximum likelihood estimates of the spatially autoregressive and mixed regressive spatially autoregressive models. With the closed‐form solution, one can find the neighbors and compute maximum likelihood estimates for 100,000 observations in under one minute. The model has theoretical, pedagogical, diagnostic, modeling, and methodological applications. For example, the model could serve as a more enlightened null hypothesis for geographic data than spatial independence.     

简述乾隆时期满语文的推广、应用及发展

本从满语创制．改革、发展的过程．着重阐述了乾隆时期满语的推广、应用和发展的情况：在推广和应用方面．不仅保持了顺、康、雍时期的各种政策和手段．并在各方面都有所加强;在满语规范方面．改音译为意译;在满扩展区域方面．创制了满篆书三十二体。论述了努尔哈赤时期在语言的基础上创造了满,皇太极时期改制了满．乾隆时期规范发展和完善了满．并在满的规范中促进了满语的发展。可见乾隆时期是满语发展的重要时期。     

Palaeoenvironmental significance of grain-size distribution of river flood deposits: a study of the archaeological sites of the Apengjiang River Drainage,upper Yangtze region,Chongqing, China

The grain-size distribution (based on cumulative probability curves) in the sediments produced by potential palaeofloods at the Shiniusi archaeological site is similar to that of modern flood sediments from the Wujiang River Drainage in the upper Yangtze River. There is an obvious pattern in the curves, with two segments, and the mean grain size (Mz), standard deviations (σ1), skewness, and kurtosis are all similar. Combined with the AMS¹⁴C dating data and the ages judged based on the presence of cultural remains, our data suggests frequent palaeoflood events within the Wujiang River Drainage. We hypothesize the existence of seven high flood possibility layers in the QST4 unit from Shiniusi archaeological site: during the periods of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) to the Qing Dynasty (1616–1911 AD), and the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC–256 BC) to the Shang Dynasty (1600–1100 BC). We also hypothesize ten high flood probability layers in the QST2 unit from Shiniusi archaeological site: during the periods of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the periods of Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) to the Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368 AD), as well as during the Han Dynasty (207 BC–220 AD) to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC–256 BC). These results are consistent with palaeoflood events inferred from pollen and spore analysis and from historical records in other rivers.     

冷战后宗教与美国外交——动力、路线与机制

冷战后,宗教对美国外交的影响日益走向组织化、法制化和机制化,呈现出以宗教利益集团为动力、以在国会推进1998年国际宗教自由法为路线、以国务院国际宗教自由办公室和国会国际宗教自由委员会互动合作为机制的发展趋势。在此背景下,美国对华外交中也凸显宗教因素。     

谈正确处理统战内部关系对于构建和谐社会的重要意义

在新世纪、新阶段,统一战线作为党执政兴国的重要法宝,具有协调各层各界相互关系的独特功能。为此,各级党组织要从社会转型、体制转轨的实际出发,不断研究新情况、解决新问题,正确把握和处理影响统一战线的一些重大关系,为构建社会主义和谐社会做出应有的贡献。     

明人手卷秋江送别诗并图卷赏析

1963年11月初旬,江西省考古所研究员陈柏泉同志走访江西靖安县西北五十余华里的高湖崖口村（况钟故里）瞻仰况钟墓地、况钟祠遗址得此卷——《秋江送别诗并图卷》,并征集入江西省博物馆。况钟（1383-1442年）,字伯律,号如愚,人称龙冈公,江西靖安县高湖乡崖口村龙冈洲人。     

全面抗战时期八路军作战原则探析

从全面抗战爆发至1941年,对敌后作战原则问题,中共高层存在看法上的微妙差异。毛泽东虽然不排斥运动战,但显然更坚持游击战的方针,彭德怀等人则在游击战外,更加强调运动战的必要性。正因此,1941年前八路军在作战上不可免地带有一些运动战色彩。前方所以长期重视运动战,关键在于很长时期没有完全摸清日军战斗力的底。而毛泽东所以信赖游击战,却对前方的运动战予以包容,和没有完全摸清日军战斗力的底也不无关系。随着百团大战结束,中共高层普遍意识到此时与日军进行过多、过大规模运动战尚不现实。1941年底,坚持游击战的方针成为共识。     

联合国与丝绸之路

联合国开发计划署2006年6月1日宣布在中国设立丝绸之路投资论坛,以促进丝绸之路沿线各国的发展,并将首次会议定在丝绸之路的起点城市西安举行。联合国开发计划署推出这个论坛,得到了联合国和中国一些机构的支持。论坛的设立促进了丝绸之路沿线国家和地区的经济文化发展,为推动世界和平与发展做出了重要贡献。     

渤海国初建之际国号考

本文针对目前史学界多将渤海建国伊始称之为“震国”或“振国”的现象进行了探讨。根据中外文献及考古资料 ,作者认为渤海建国之初的国号应为“国” ,而“震国”或“振国”只能是它的俗称。     

印石纵有千面种类 寿山依旧首选之材

用石料篆刻,有认为自元代王冕（1310—1359年）始,黄宾虹（1865—1955年）在《古印概论》说：“会稽王冕,自号煮石山农,创用青田花乳,刻成石章。又有寿山石,出闽之侯官县,亦发明于元明之间。”当然,更多的则认为始自明代文彭（1497-1573年）。周亮工（1612-1672年）在《印人传》中写道：“论印之一道,自国博开之,后人奉为金科玉律”,在“书文国博印章后”一节中,