THE COMPARATIVE STATIC RESPONSE OF RENTAL HOUSING TO A PRICE CHANGE: INFLATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY*

ABSTRACT. A two period consumer choice model is presented in which housing is treated as a quality differentiated good. The short-run comparative static response of rental housing to a price change is examined via an example, an exogenous increase in the inflation rate. Two stylized facts are alternately used; interest income is taxed, and interest rate ceilings are imposed on small savings deposits. The partial equilibrium distributional impact of inflation, in the context of rental housing markets, is also discussed.     

REGIONAL GROWTH IN THE SOVIET ECONOMY A MODEL AND ANALYSIS*

A multiregional econometric model of the Soviet economy is presented. It consists of 1,391 equations, with time-series information for 1965-1980. In conformity with the number of the country's republics, 15 input-output tables are incorporated. The discussion includes the methodological framework, the structure and equations, theoretical justification for the interaction between the econometric and input-output components, data and estimation, and forecasting results.     

Ulu leang 2, an iron age jar burial cave in South Sulawesi,Indonesia

There is rather little we can add as a summary of the presentation and discussion set out above. Disturbed jar burial sites are intractable archaeological assemblages; they are difficult to date precisely, difficult to interpret as centres of ritual behaviour, and, perhaps in consequence, have been rather neglected by archaeologists in Indonesia. Far more examples need to be described in detail, and much better methodologies need to be developed in order to extract the maxinum information from them. Whether they can be attributed to a single linguistic or cultural group is most doubtful, and it is probably the case that not all the people of the same community followed the same disposal practices.

Burial sites do however offer unique possibilities for investigating important aspects of past societies such as the differentiation of wealth, status, and power; nutrition, demography, and health; exchange and value systems, and, of course, the technology reflected in those rare and valuable items that are seldom found in secular and domestic deposits. With this in mind we would believe that the presentation of the Ulu Leang 2 burial assemblage, partial and confused though it is, is a worthwhile, if small step in the right direction.     

Changing fashions in the Middle Stone Age: the stone artefact sequence from Klasies River main site,South Africa

The analysis of Middle Stone Age artefact assemblages from the 1984–8 Deacon excavation of Klasies River main site on the southern Cape coast of South Africa emphasizes its importance as a source of information on the Late Pleistocene period. The trends in artefact variability noted in the previous 1967–8 Singer and Wymer excavation are described in more detail and it is concluded on typological grounds that the cave 1B assemblages which are associated with the anatomically modern human mandible no. 41815 are of the order of 100,000 years old. Rare, unstandardized retouch and the persistence of time-restricted patterning in the Klasies River main site Middle Stone Age sequence over periods in excess of 20,000 years represent significant differences between Middle and some parts of Later Stone Age sequences. It is suggested that this may be a consequence of conservatism under relatively low-density demographic conditions rather than a reflection of the absence of modern behaviour among Middle Stone Age toolmakers.

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Résumé L'analyse des industries lithiques de l'âge de la Pierre Moyen provenant des fouilles Deacon au site principal à Klasies River, sur la côte sud du cap de l'Afrique du Sud, souligne l'importance de ce site pour ses renseignements sur le Pléistocene récent. Les tendances de variabilité dans le matériel culturel déjà constatées dans les fouilles précédentes de Singer et Wymer (1967–8) sont présentées ici en davantage de détail. L'étude typologique amène à la conclusion que les industries de la grotte 1B, associées à la mandibule no. 41815 de forme humaine moderne, ont un âge approximative de 100,000 ans. La présence assez rare d'une retouche non-standardisée et la persistance des modalités, chronologiquement bien définies, dans la succession des industries de l'âge de la Pierre Moyen au site principal à Klasies River pendant des périodes de plus de 20,000 ans constituent des différences considérables entre l'âge de la Pierre Moyen et quelques phases de l'âge de la Pierre Récent. On propose que cela peut être la conséquence d'un conservatisme sous les conditions de densité démographique faible, plutôt qu'en déduire que la mode de comportement caractéristique de l'homme moderne manquait aux gens de l'âge de la Pierre Moyen.

     

The population ecology of hunter-gatherers and their prey

In this paper we combine foraging theory and population biology models to simulate dynamic relationships between hunter-gatherers and their prey resources. Hunter-gatherer population growth responds to the net marginal rate of foraging; prey population growth responds logistically to exploitation. Thus conceived, the relationship between forager and prey biomass is time-dependent and nonlinear. It changes from stable equilibrium to damped and stable cycles with modest adjustments of input parameters. And, it produces the largest sustainable human population at intermediate levels of individual work effort. At equilibrium the forager takes all prey types with a pursuit and handling rate greater than or equal to its maintenance foraging rate. The structural properties of the model compel us to reject standard anthropological interpretations of the carrying capacity concept; they provide new insights on old issues such as original affluence and intensification. Analysis of the interaction of human population, diet selection, and resource depletion requires microecological models in part because the relevant processes occur on time scales largely invisible to both ethnography and archaeology.     

RETENTION OF PHOSPHATE IN BURIED CERAMICS: AN ELECTRON MICROBEAM APPROACH

Elevated concentrations of P₂O₅ of 2–12 wt% absolute were observed in the matrices of a small group of ceramics with the electron microprobe. P₂O₅, CaO and FeO^t are enriched towards the surfaces in some cases and elemental correlations suggest precipitation of a crystalline calcium phosphate with a stoichiometry close to CaO · P₂O₅. Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray mapping showed P₂O₅ to be dispersed in the ceramic matrix on a very fine scale, while X-ray diffraction detected no crystalline phosphate. Parallels are drawn with the precipitation of phosphate in the surfaces of weathered glass. It is concluded that the amorphous phases produced on firing behave as chemically active substrates which facilitate the adsorption or precipitation of very fine grained calcium phosphate from the burial environment.     

Effect of salinity on mass and energy transport by hydrothermal fluids based on the physical and thermodynamic properties of H2O‐NaCl

Various thermodynamic properties of H₂O that are defined as pressure or temperature derivatives of some other variable, such as isothermal compressibility (β, pressure derivative of density), isobaric thermal expansion (α, temperature derivative of density), and specific isobaric heat capacity (c_f, temperature derivative of enthalpy), all show large magnitudes near the critical point, reflecting large variations in fluid density and specific enthalpy with small changes in temperature and pressure. As a result, mass (related to fluid density) and energy (related to fluid enthalpy) transport in this PT region are sensitive to changing PT conditions. Addition of NaCl to H₂O causes the region of anomalous behavior, here defined as the critical region, to migrate to higher temperatures and pressures. The critical region is defined as that region of PT space in which the dimensionless reduced susceptibility  ≥ 0.5. When NaCl is added to H₂O, the critical region migrates to higher temperature and pressure. However, the absolute magnitudes of thermodynamic properties that are defined as temperature and/or pressure derivatives (α, β, and c_f) all decrease with increasing salinity. Thus, the mass and energy transporting capacities of hydrothermal fluids in the critical region become less sensitive to changing PT conditions as the salinity increases. For example, quartz solubility can be described as a function of fluid density, and because density becomes less sensitive to changing PT conditions as salinity increases, quartz solubility also becomes less sensitive to changing PT conditions as fluid salinity increases. Similarly, fluxibility describes the ability of a fluid to transport heat by buoyancy‐driven convection, and fluxibility decreases with increasing salinity. Results of this study show that the mass and energy transport capacity of fluids in the Earth's crust are maximized in the critical region and that the sensitivity to changing PT conditions decreases with increasing salinity.     

Physical Characterization,Microstructural Evaluation,and Condition Assessment of Ancient Ahlat Tombstones in the Seljukian Cemetery of Ahlat (Turkey)

A typical Seljukian town of Ahlat, located between the north-western shores of the Lake Van and the Nemrud and Suphan volcanoes of the Eastern Turkey is hosting rich and colorful cultural heritage sites. Among these, famous Seljukian Cemetery is a major archeological district with monumental tombstones (stelae). Excessive deterioration, erosion and lichen colonization can be observed in these cultural artifacts. The main objective of this study is the investigation of stones’ physical characterization and evaluation of the microstructural features. A degradation model was outlined starting with the capillary water uptake from the bottom section and lichen colonization starting from the top and covering these tombstones upto their mid sections. This article provides some information about the historical town of Ahlat and its tombstones. Some physical and microstructural characterization of the gravestones and the results of chemical and physical analysis are also presented along with some recommendations.