Assessment of material characteristics of ancient concretes,Grande Aula,Markets of Trajan,Rome

The Grande Aula, or Great Hall, of the Markets of Trajan (AD 96 to 115) is an intact example of the domed, concrete architecture of imperial Rome. Petrographic, x-ray diffraction, chemical, and SEM analyses demonstrate that wall mortars contain Pozzolane Rosse volcanic ash aggregate (harenae fossiciae) and strätlingite, a complex calcium aluminate cement hydrate (C₂ ASH₈) that gives modern cements good durability and compressive strength. Specific gravity tests and a new petrographic method for assessing bulk densities indicate unit weights of about 1750 kg/m³ for the wall mortars and 1430–1640 kg/m³ for the pumice bearing, vaulted ceiling mortars. Innovative point load source tests record the tensile strengths (f_t) of the aggregate and interfacial elements of the conglomeratic concrete fabric. These suggest f_t of about 2.7 MPa for brick, 1.2 MPa for Tufo Lionato tuff, and 0.9 MPa for Tufo Giallo della Via Tiberina tuff coarse aggregate (caementa), based on a tentative, approximate correlation with splitting (Brazilian) tests. The pozzolanic mortar and interfacial zones have lower f_t in the range of 0.8 MPa to 0.5 MPa. The relatively low mortar strength and its somewhat tenuous adhesion to the coarse aggregate suggests that the caementa may have arrested the propagation of tensile microcracks that formed in the mortar, thereby increasing the composite tensile strength of the concrete. Roman builders selected the complex aggregate mixes to optimize the performance of the wall and vault concretes.     

Ancient DNA confirms a local origin of domesticated chenopod in eastern North America

Domesticated chenopod was an important starchy seed crop in eastern North America before the rise of maize agriculture. Domesticated chenopod first appeared in North America during the fourth millennium B.P., however its wild progenitor and site of domestication remain unresolved. Archaeological evidence suggests a local domestication in the Eastern Woodlands, while morphological similarities with modern Mexican cultivars indicate a possible introduction from Mesoamerica. To distinguish between these two scenarios, we isolate chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from modern and archaeological North American chenopods sampled from across their geographic range. Our results demonstrate that the chenopod grown in the Eastern Woodlands was locally-derived, indicating that independent domestication events gave rise to the ancient eastern North American and modern Mexican cultivars. These results strengthen the argument for an entirely native pre-maize crop complex with chenopod as a major component.