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21.
Thegn N. Ladefoged Patrick V. Kirch Samuel M. Gon III Oliver A. Chadwick Anthony S. Hartshorn Peter M. Vitousek 《Journal of archaeological science》2009,36(10):2374-2383
Intensive agricultural systems interact strongly and reciprocally with features of the lands they occupy, and with features of the societies that they support. We modeled the distribution of two forms of pre-European contact intensive agriculture – irrigated pondfields and rain-fed dryland systems – across the Hawaiian archipelago using a GIS approach based on climate, hydrology, topography, substrate age, and soil fertility. Model results closely match the archaeological evidence in defined locations. On a broader scale, we calculate that the youngest island, Hawai'i, could have supported 572 km2 of intensive agriculture, 97% as rain-fed dryland field systems, while Kaua'i, the oldest island, could have supported 58 km2, all as irrigated wetland systems. Irrigated systems have higher, more reliable yields and lower labor requirements than rain-fed dryland systems, so the total potential yield from Kaua'i (49k metric tons) was almost half that of Hawai'i (97k metric tons), although Kaua'i systems required only 0.05 of the agricultural labor (8400 workers, versus 165,000 on Hawai'i) to produce the crops. We conclude that environmental constraints to intensive agriculture across the archipelago created asymmetric production efficiencies, and therefore varying potentials for agricultural surplus. The implications both for the emergence of complex sociopolitical formations and for anthropogenic transformation of Hawaiian ecosystems are substantial. 相似文献
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Samuel Birch 《考古杂志》2013,170(1):46-47
A cropmark complex of ring-ditches and square-plan ditches in the Vale of Clwyd, North Wales has been partially excavated. Mesolithic activity is represented predominantly by lithic waste in local cherts. A small bronze age cemetery, dated to between about 1660–1400 b.c., comprises a large and small ring-ditch and a ‘flat cemetery’ associated with Beaker inhumation burials, and by cremation burials, of which some were found with Food Vessel Urns. The larger ring-ditch was superseded by an undated rectangular enclosure with causeways at the centre of each side. An early medieval inhumation cemêtery, with associated dates of about a.d. 510 and a.d. 860, was established to one side of the larger ring-ditch. A small proportion of the graves are enclosed by square-plan ditches, two of which had a causeway at the centre of the eastern side. Generalized parallels are drawn with other sites in eastern and northern Britain and within Wales itself. 相似文献
25.
Samuel Reynolds Solly 《英国考古学会志》2013,166(1):85-87
AbstractThe tiled pavement in the nave of Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire, has been partly exposed twice in the last hundred years. Although no decoration appears to survive in situ, a few decorated tiles in the loose collection may derive from this floor. The most significant of these, a roundel fragment, carries the design of a tonsured monk with a crozier. Although this design and the whole mosaic arrangement of the in situ tiles are unique, a comparison can be drawn with the pavement donated by Abbot Nicholas at Halesowen. The arrangement of roundels and frame tiles and the subject matter of the decorated roundels are sufficiently similar to posit a direct connection. There are no close dates for the Haughmond floor, but it is suggested that the Halesowen pavement, dated 1290–98, was the prototype. 相似文献
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Samuel Amell 《Romance Quarterly》2013,60(2):205-214
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Samuel P. Hanes 《Journal of Cultural Geography》2013,30(3):308-327
Conflicts over oysters intensified along the US mid-Atlantic coast as traditional management of these valuable resources broke down in the late nineteenth century. In response, states founded management agencies, and mapping oysters was one of their first activities. Virginia and Maryland's first cartographers favored privatizing common property, an alteration that would have displaced thousands of oystermen and benefited wealthier segments of the industry. Cartographers sought to use maps to expand privatization; however, Chesapeake Bay oystermen were numerous enough to wield political influence, and they rejected one of the first major surveys and shaped the production of the other two, using them to protect their common property while making these rights visible to the State. Many conservation practices in the eastern USA grew out of local people's traditions, and this study explores the role of the mapping process amid the broader context of a shift in the scale of management to state agencies. 相似文献
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Samuel T. Turvey Derek J. Siveter 《Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Paleontology》2013,37(2):173-183
Turvey, S.T. & Siveter, D.J., June 2007. Assignment of the South Chinese Ordovician trilobite Calymene paronai to Neseuretus. Alcheringa 31, 173‐183. ISSN 0311-5518. Calymene paronai Pellizzari, 1913 was described on the basis of an almost complete enrolled specimen from the Ordovician (probably the early Llanvirn Yangtzeella poloi Biozone) of southern Shaanxi, China. It represents one of the first Chinese trilobite species to have been established, but has been almost completely ignored by subsequent workers. This species is redescribed and reassigned to the Gondwanan inner shelf indicator calymenid Neseuretus, compared with other South Chinese taxa previously assigned to this genus, and interpreted as a senior synonym of N. concavus Lu, 1975. 相似文献
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