Dental wash: a problematic method for extracting microfossils from teeth

A variety of microfossils, originating from plant foods, become trapped in the dental calculus matrix. Processing of dental calculus allows extraction of these microfossils. The resulting data can be used to reconstruct diet at the individual and population levels as the identification of microfossils like starch grains and phytoliths to the generic level, and sometimes to the species level, is possible. However, in some archaeological sites, dental calculus deposits do not preserve well enough to be processed. To prevent the loss of information in such cases, we present a technique, called “dental wash”. It permits extracting microfossils from cryptic dental calculus deposits. In the two experimental archaeological cases presented herein we identified phytoliths, starch grains as well as a diatom fragment with this method, whereas in a control sample no microfossils were found. Moderate damage to the teeth was detected when they were already friable due to poor preservation. Minor damage to the surface of well-preserved teeth was observed. This indicates that the proposed method is efficient in recovering microfossils, but unacceptable because of damage to teeth. If the method can be refined, it will expand the potential of dental calculus analysis to a greater range of archeological sites.     

Pastoralism and Protected Area Management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park

The Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park was established in south central Mongolia in 1993 and is used by over 1100 families with pastoralism as their main means of livelihood. Research conducted in 1998–2000 to analyse grazing management problems identified a number of issues and concerns, including a significant increase in the number of herders and the size of the herd; variations in herd size reflecting differences in wealth; problems with marketing of livestock or livestock products; declining stock movements because of transportation costs and loss of water sources; and significant competition and conflicts for grazing areas. The socio‐economic problems associated with Mongolia's transition to a market system, coupled with the expansion of protected areas, mean that herders have to adapt to both the current economic system and changes in land use. Although some aspects of the development of the park can be seen as a positive influence on maintaining pastoral livelihoods in this area, the national goal of protecting 30 per cent of the country, doubling the area of Mongolia currently under protected area status, could have negative effects on pastoral livelihoods, unless ministry officials, protected area administrators and pastoralists can work effectively to solve resource problems.     

Book reviews

Gramsci and the Italian State. By Richard Bellamy and Darrow Schecter (Manchester and New York Manchester University Press, 1993), xvi + 203 pp.

Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588. By Wallace MacCaffrey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), x + 530 pp.

Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. By Wallace MacCaffrey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), xvi + 592 pp.

Figures on the Horizon. Edited by Jerrold Seigel (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1993), xix + 278 pp. £29.50, $53.00 cloth.

Logomachia: The Conflict of the Faculties. Edited by Richard Rand (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), xii + 218 pp., £27.00 cloth, £11.95 paper.

The Origins of French Art Criticism from the Anden Régime to the Restoration. By Richard Wrigley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), xii + 427 pp.

The Madness of Kings: Personal Trauma and the Fate of Nations. By Vivian Green (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), xiii + 322 pp., $35.00 cloth.

The Conservative Imagination. By Philip Thody (London: Pinter, 1993), xi + 179 pp., cloth.

The Longman Companion to Cold War and Détente 1941–91. By John W. Young (London and New York: Longman Higher Educational, 1993), 360 pp., £11.99 paper.

The Colloquy of Montbéliard: Religion and Politics in the Sixteenth Century. By Jill Raitt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiv + 226 pp., £40.00

Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. By Robert Wuthnow (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993; first published, 1989), 739 pp., $29.95 paper.

Xenophon Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary. By Sarah B. Pomeroy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), xii + 388 pp., $50.00

The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader. Edited by Richard Wolin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993), xx + 315 pp., $16.95 paper.

Biblical Theocracy: A Vision of the Biblical Foundations for a Christian Political Philosophy. By Stephen Palmquist (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1993), 193 pp., HK $35.00, US $4.50 paper.

Considerations sur la France. By Joseph De Maistre, trans, and edited by Richard A. LeBrun; introduction by Isaiah Berlin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xlii + 132 pp., £30.00/$49.95 cloth, £12.95/$16.95 paper.

Machiavellian Rhetoric. By Victoria Kahn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), xv + 314 pp., $29.95, £23.50 cloth.

Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre et les Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale: Correspondance, vol. 1, 1928–1933. Edited by Bertrand Müller (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1994), lx + 551pp., FF240.

Kant's Transcendental Psychology. By Patricia Kitcher (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 296 pp.

The End of the Salon: Art and the State in the Early Third Republic. By Patricia Mainardi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ix + 210 pp., $18.95/£12.95 paper.

Aristotle on the Goals and Exactness of Ethics. By Georgios Anagnostopoulos (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), xiii + 468 pp., $50.00 cloth.

A Treatise of Orders and Plain Dignities. By Charles Loyseau, edited and trans, by Howell A. Lloyd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xlviii + 255 pp., $59.95 and £40.00 cloth, $22.95 and £14.95 paper.

The Philosophy of Childhood. By Gareth B. Matthews (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 136 pp., $18.95 cloth.

Reading Heidegger from the Start: Essays in His Earliest Thought. Edited by Theodore Kisiel and John van Buren (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 480 + ix pp., $74.50 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Dante and the Mystical Tradition: Bernard of Clairvaux in the Commedia. By Stephen Botterill, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), x + 269 pp., £37.50 and $59.95.

The Boundaries of Modern Iran. Edited by Keith McLachlan, SOAS Geopolitics Series 2 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994, ix + 150 pp., $49.95 cloth.

New French Thought: Political Philosophy. Edited by Mark Lilla (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) 239 pp., $45.00 cloth; $14.95 paper.

Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean. By Irad Malkin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), xvii + 278 pp., £37.50 and $59.95 cloth.

The Interpretation of Order: A Study in the Poetics of Homeric Repetition. By Ahuvia Kahane (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), xi + 190 pp., £25.00 cloth.

History and Tropology: The Rise and Fall of Metaphor. By Frank R. Ankersmit (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), vii + 244 pp., $40.00 cloth.

Anglo‐Irish: The Literary Imagination in a Hyphenated Culture. By Julian Moynahan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), xiii + 288 pp., $24.95 cloth.

The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes. Edited by Noel Malcolm, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), Vol. 1: 1622–1659, lxxv + 511 pp., £60.00 doth; Vol. 2: 1660–1679, xv + 495 pp., £60.00 cloth.

Actors in the Audience: Theatricality and Doublespeak from Nero to Hadrian. By Shadi Bartsch, Revealing Antiquity 6. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), vi + 309 pp., $37.50 cloth.

Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas. By Lawrence Moonan (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), xii + 396 pp., £40.00 cloth.

Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922. By Vladimir N. Brovkin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), xiii + 455 pp., $43.50 and £55.00 cloth.

The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age. Edited by Gerard Chaliand (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), xliii + 1072 pp., 8 maps, $75.00 cloth, $30.00 paper.

The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment. By Jack R. Censer (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), xi + 263 pp., £40.00 cloth.

Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther. By Mark U. Edwards, Jr. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), 238 pp., 6 illus., $40.00 cloth.

The Rhetoric of Purity: Essentialist Theory and the Advent of Abstract Painting. By Mark A. Cheetham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 194 pp., 16 illus., £11.95, $17.95 paper.

Ambrose of Milan. By Neil B. McLynn (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), xii + 406 pp., $45.00 cloth.

Understanding the Infinite. By Shaughan Lavine (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), ix + 371 pp., $39.95 cloth.

Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. By Peter G. Bietenholz (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), xii + 434 pp., 9 illus., $91.50 cloth, NLG 160.00.

The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa. By Otto of Freising, trans, and edited by Charles Mierow (Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 366 pp., $16.95 paper.

In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life. By Robert Kegan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), viii + 396 pp., $29.95 cloth.

Tudor Political Culture. Edited by Dale Hoak (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), xxiii +310 pp., £45.00

Reconstructing the Subject: Modernist Painting in Western Germany, 1945–1950. By Yule F. Heibel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 207 pp., $45.00, £33.50 cloth.

The Uses of the University, 4th ed. By Clark Kerr (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), xv + 220 pp., $15.95 paper.

The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science. By John Dupré (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 308 pp., paper.

The Stop. By David Appelbaum (Albany: State University of New York Press, New York, 1995), xi + 154 pp., $14.95 paper.

Walter Benjamin's Passages. By Pierre Missac, trans. Shierry Weber Nicholson (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 233 pp., $25.00 cloth.

Spinoza: The Enduring Questions. Edited by Graeme Hunter. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), xviii +182 pp., North American $70.00, Europe $78.00, UK £45.50 cloth.

Adultery and Divorce in Calvin's Geneva. By Robert M. Kingdon (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), ix + 214 pp., $29.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Falsehood Disguised: Unmasking the Truth in La Rochefoucauld. By Richard G. Hodgson. (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995), xiii + 175 pp., £28.50.

Nietzsche and the Modern Crisis of the Humanities. By Peter Levine (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), xxi + 279 pp., $18.95 cloth.

Science and Culture: Popular and Philosophical Essays. By Herman von Helmholtz, ed. David Cahan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), xviii + 418 pp., $52.00 cloth, $17.00 paper.     

A progress review of entrepreneurship and regional development: What are the remaining gaps?

This study reviews the literature related to regional entrepreneurship. It identifies the main topical perspectives, advancements and shortcomings, discusses several research gaps and proposes ways forward. The literature review is based on 170 peer-reviewed articles in the leading journals of entrepreneurship and regional science. The findings reveal that major debates occur within the disciplines of regional economics, sociology and economic geography, but discussions across disciplines are scant. While regional economists tend to overlook the role of contextualized agency, and thus neglect processes that may influence entrepreneurs’ acting in distinctive localities, entrepreneurship scholars tend to overlook the role of the spatial and proximate contextual conditions in the entrepreneurial process. Future research should intensify its efforts on the interrelation between entrepreneurial agency and regional structuring in order to expand current understandings of which types of entrepreneurship prevail in different localities.     

The potential of stable Cu isotopes for the identification of Bronze Age ore mineral sources from Cyprus and Faynan: results from Uluburun and Khirbat Hamra Ifdan

Copper isotope ratios differ between hypogene sulfidic, supergene sulfidic and oxidized ore sources. Traditional lead isotope signatures of ancient metals are specific to deposits, while Cu isotope signatures are specific to the types of ore minerals used for metal production in ancient times. Two methodological case studies are presented: First, the mining district of Faynan (Jordan) was investigated. Here, mainly oxidized copper ores occur in the deposits. The production of copper from Fayan’s ore sources is confirmed by the measurement of the Cu isotope signature of ingots from the Early Bronze Age metal workshop from Khirbat Hamra Ifdan. Based on our results illustrating differences in the Cu isotope composition between the ore mineralizations from Timna (Israel) and Faynan, it is now possible to determine these prehistoric mining districts from which copper artifacts originated by combining trace elements and Pb isotopes with Cu isotopes. The second case study presents data on Late Bronze Age copper production in Cyprus. Oxhide ingots from the shipwreck of Uluburun (Turkey) were tested for their lead isotope signatures and assigned to Cypriot deposits in the recent decades. The oxhide ingots from Uluburun show a Cu isotope signature which we also found for oxidized copper ores from Cyprus, while younger oxhide ingots as well as metallurgical slag from the Cypriot settlements Kition and Enkomi show a different signature which might be due to the use of sulfidic ore sources from a greater depth of deposits. We assert that there could be a chronological shift from oxidized to sulfidic ore sources for the copper production in Cyprus, requiring different technologies. Therefore, Cu isotopes can be used as a proxy to reconstruct mining and induced smelting activities in ancient times.