Osteological evidence for the draught exploitation of cattle: first applications of a new methodology

Although the aetiology of bone pathologies in cattle is poorly documented, various deformations in the skeleton have been attributed to draught exploitation in the archaeozoological literature. This paper summarizes the results of an osteological study that was undertaken on the feet of modern draught oxen. This led to the definition of a series of draught‐related anomalies. In an attempt to describe the pathologies in a more consistent and quantitative way, a scoring scale for each individual bone pathology was established. The developed method is applied to cattle remains from four Roman and one late medieval site. The distribution of the observed pathological indices (PIs) on the first phalanges is interpreted in terms of the age structure of the cattle populations, and the possible modes of cattle exploitation and meat consumption in various settlement types. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现代显微技术在纸质文物鉴定与修复中应用

现代显微技术在纸质文物的研究和修复中,是不可或缺的研究手段,因此应用显微镜对几件纸质文物进行了显微观察和分析。结果获得了纤维表面形态、纸张工艺和纤维特性等信息,同时获取了表面图像、分散纤维图像,纤维长、宽、配比等数据。所获信息对文物鉴定与修复工作有明显的参考意义,说明现代显微技术可以对纸质文物进行分析、鉴别,并为选配修复用纸和断代等提供参考依据。     

中国古代"笛""笙"考

我国古代对竖吹和横吹的笛在称呼上是混杂的。如汉代马融《长笛赋》中所指的邃,实际指的是今天的箫,关于笛、箫两件乐器的确切名称,约在南北朝以后,才逐渐分开,称笛为横吹或横笛。对于笛的产生年代,据文献记载,过去一直认为在汉武帝时,张骞出使西域后,将笛传入长安。宋《陈旸·乐书》中载:“大横吹、小横吹并以竹为之,笛之类也。”《律书乐图》云:“横吹,胡乐也。昔张博望(张骞)入西域,传其法于西京。”汉代马融《长笛赋》也说:“近世双笛从羌起。……京房君明识音律,故本四孔加一。君明所加孔后出, 是谓商声五音毕。”而1973年长沙马王堆三号墓(文帝十二年,公元168年)出土的文物中,发现有笛类乐器两支, 可以说明在张骞通西域之前约半个世纪,笛类乐器已在我国境内流传。     

Exploring the Frontier of Livelihoods Research

This article discusses the value of livelihoods studies and examines the obstacles which have prevented it from making a greater contribution to understanding the lives of poor people over the past decade. After examining the roots of the livelihoods approach, two major challenges are explored: the conceptualization of the problem of access, and how to achieve a better understanding of the mutual link between livelihood opportunities and decision‐making. The article concludes that access to livelihood opportunities is governed by social relations, institutions and organizations, and that power is an important (and sometimes overlooked) explanatory variable. In discussing the issue of access to livelihood opportunities, the authors note the occurrence of both strategic and unintentional behaviour and the importance of structural factors; they discuss concepts of styles and pathways, which try to cater for structural components and regularities; and they propose livelihood trajectories as an appropriate methodology for examining these issues. In this way, the article also sets the agenda for future livelihoods research.     

Using Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Intra‐urban Diversity: The Example of Brussels

The objective of this paper is to compare fractal‐based parameters calculated by different fractal methods for urban built‐up areas and to link the observed spatial variations to variables commonly used in urban geography, urban economics, or land‐use planning. Computations are performed on Brussels, Belgium. Two fractal methods (correlation and dilation) are systematically applied for evaluating the fractal dimension of built‐up surfaces; correlation is used to evaluate the fractal dimension of the borders (lines). Analyses show that while fractal dimension is ideal for distinguishing the morphology of Brussels, each estimation technique leads to slightly different results. Interesting associations are to be found between the fractal dimensions and rent, distance, income, and planning rules. Despite its limitations, fractal analysis seems to be a promising tool for describing the morphology of the city and for simulating its genesis and planning. The model is robust: it replicates the urban spatial regularities and patterns, and could hence fruitfully be integrated into intra‐urban simulation processes.     

论工业革命时期英国工厂女工的状况

英国工业革命时期,工人阶级妇女最早离开家庭进入工厂做工,承受着繁重的社会劳动和家务劳动的双重负担。但是,由于柔弱、顺从的家庭妇女是当时英国社会所推崇的妇女形象．工厂女工进入工厂只是被迫而为,并非是为了经济独立,更不是为了寻求自身的解放和男女平等,因此她们的处境没有因为外出工作而有所改变,社会地位和家庭地位的提高只能是人为的一种设想,她们也不是最早获得解放的妇女。     

包乐史教授与华侨华人历史研究：档案文献资料的搜集和运用

作为当今国际学术界一位知名且相当有成就的荷兰东印度公司的档案学专家 ,包乐史教授充分搜集和系统运用荷兰文与中文的历史档案文献来研究华侨华人历史 ,尤其是 1 7、 1 8世纪东南亚华侨史、东南亚华商贸易和当时华侨的社会问题 ,从而构成了包教授对华侨华人历史研究的最主要的特色和成就。     

Characterisation of archaeological mortars from Pompeii (Campania,Italy) and identification of construction phases by compositional data analysis

This work describes the compositional characterisation of coccciopesto and natural pozzolanic mortars sampled in the Regio VI area of the archaeological site of Pompeii, with particular reference to the Casa di Pansa in Insula 6 and Casa 17 in Insula 2. Samples were studied by optical microscopy and analysed by XRF, SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and XRPD. The XRF and SEM-EDS data, subjected to multivariate analysis (cluster analysis), identified the three main construction phases involved in building the Casa di Pansa. In addition, mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of the aggregate were determined and found to be compatible with pyroclastic deposits from the volcano Vesuvius. Study revealed C–S–H phases in the binder, due to pozzolanic hydration phemomena of hydrated lime with cocciopesto and natural pozzalana.     

From Milgram to Zimbardo: the double birth of postwar psychology/psychologization

Milgram's series of obedience experiments and Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment are probably the two best-known psychological studies. As such, they can be understood as central to the broad process of psychologization in the postwar era. This article will consider the extent to which this process of psychologization can be understood as a simple overflow from the discipline of psychology to wider society or whether, in fact, this process is actually inextricably connected to the science of psychology as such. In so doing, the article will argue that Milgram's and Zimbardo's studies are best usefully understood as twin experiments. Milgram's paradigm of a psychology which explicitly draws its subject into the frame of its own discourse can be said to be the precondition of Zimbardo's claim that his experiment offers a window onto the crucible of human behaviour. This will be analysed by drawing on the Lacanian concepts of acting out and passage à l'acte. The question then posed is: if both Milgram and Zimbardo claim that their work has emancipatory dimensions - a claim maintained within mainstream psychology - does a close reading of the studies not then reveal that psychology is, rather, the royal road to occurrences such as Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib? The drama of a psychology which is fundamentally based on a process of psychologization is that it turns its subjects into homo sacer of psychological discourse.