A Ticking Clock? Preservation and Management of Greenland’s Archaeological Heritage in the Twenty-First Century

ABSTRACT

Evaluating the rate of deterioration at archaeological sites in the Arctic presents several challenges. In West Greenland, for example, increasing soil temperatures, perennial thaws, coastal erosion, storm surges, changing microbial communities, and pioneer plant species are observed as increasingly detrimental to the survival of organic archaeological deposits found scattered along the country’s littoral zones and extensive inner fjord systems. This article discusses recent efforts by the REMAINS of Greenland project for developing a standardised protocol that defines the archaeological state of preservation, the preservation conditions, and asset value of organic deposits. Special emphasis is given to the degradation of materials such as bone and wood that are historically observed to be well-preserved in Greenland but now currently at risk. The protocol provides a baseline for monitoring future changes and will assist archaeologists in Greenland with a procedure for documenting and predicting areas of increasing vulnerability due to a warming climate.     

A tale of three cities: negotiating ethnic identity and acculturation in northwest China

Through extensive interviews with Hui, Han, Dongxiang, and Tibetan migrants and participant observation in northwest China between 2013 and 2015, we examine how the negotiation of ethnic identity influences acculturation strategies in three cultural contexts by scrutinizing the three operational aspects of ethnic identity: perceptions, affections, and behaviors. We argue that the ethnic identity is negotiated at both the group and individual levels as a relation of dialectical unification in regard to fixity and fluidity. At the group level, ethnic identity is relatively fixed and rigid and is perceived by most of the group members as the social norms which normalize ethnic behavior collectively. At the individual level, on the other hand, ethnic identity can be highly flowing and contested from one individual to another. Han identity is generally self-perceived as unmarked, porous, situated, and sometimes even vacuous. Han migrants’ acculturation is more dependent on the cultural context of the host society. Hui and Dongxiang migrants show a strong attachment and affective bonds to their ethnic identity, which is largely based on religious identity. Although Tibetan migrants perceive a complex, place-based identity related to their religion, the grassland, their traditional ways of living, and their language, a Tibetan identity seems to be difficult to fulfill given their economic vulnerability and the contradictions between retaining traditions and being Sinicized in the city.     

WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT POST‐HUMANISM? A CRITICAL NOTE

What is disclosed in the questioning of the human being in post‐humanism? Addressing this question in congruence with Heidegger's questioning of being in Being and Time, we end up with two discoveries: first, that the characteristic of Dasein, as the being of the questioning, already carries the same implications as the post‐human figure, and second, that questioning in this sense is indicative of the effort of realizing anew scientific space for conceptualizing the human being as non‐substantialist. Conceived of in this way, however, post‐humanism is a result of a very human effort indeed.     

显微红外光谱透射法快速鉴别“粉状锈”

为保护好馆藏或出土青铜文物,必须检查并去除青铜器的"粉状锈"。"粉状锈"主要由氯铜矿和副氯铜矿组成,此两种物质的红外光谱特征明显,因此,可以利用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱透射法进行鉴别。与传统红外光谱压片法相比,这种透射红外光谱法无需压片、快速、灵敏、消耗样品量少。本研究以江苏扬州曹庄隋炀帝萧后冠实验室考古与保护项目中的青铜文物为例,用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱透射法对其青铜锈蚀进行鉴别,结果表明该方法能够简单、高效和准确地鉴别"粉状锈"。     

《帝京景物略》中的岁时民俗记述研究——兼及对当代民俗志书写的一点思考

《帝京景物略》是一个北京人和两个旅居北京多年的他乡人在北京著作的有关北京的一本书,作者在卷二"春场"部分按照时序专门对当时的节日文化和节日生活进行了系统书写,另在一些景观描写中也记述了于兹发生的岁时节日活动。这些记述以较强的可信性、时空结合性、可读性使《帝京景物略》中的岁时民俗记述成为一种优秀的传统民俗志。当前,如何书写怎样的民俗志成为当代职业民俗学者普遍关心的话题,有必要适当加强一下对传统民俗志的研究,从而将传统民俗志对当代民俗志书写的可能贡献落到实处。     

基于VRIO框架的饭店资源三维度评价模型

饭店是由各种资源构成的企业组织,饭店资源是与饭店竞争力密切相关的要素。论文在对饭店资源的内涵和结构进行分析的基础上,利用VRIO框架的4个基本问题,构建了饭店资源三维度评价模型。根据该模型,论文对饭店资源的价值性、稀有性和可模仿性分别提出了评价方法,并确定了饭店资源优化的条件。     

基于流形学习与光谱解混的文物表面字迹增强——以云冈第38窟为例

文物表面的文字是了解历史的关键信息，对文物表面文字信息的探索成为文物保护的重要环节。结合流形学习与光谱解混，提出一种新的文物表面字迹增强方法。首先，利用基于流形学习的等距映射方法对预处理后的高光谱图像进行非线性降维，得到信息量最大的灰度图像；其次，分析文字与背景的光谱特征，通过多层非负矩阵分解方法得到字迹丰度图；然后，将二者进行加权平均得到字迹增强图像，再与合成真彩色影像进行HSV融合，得到字迹融合影像；最后，为更好地辨认文字，在字迹增强图像上裁剪文字并做形态学变换，得到字迹提取图。以云冈石窟第38窟的一景褪色文字高光谱图像为例进行了验证，结果表明，该方法能够有效地增强出文物表面的褪色文字，且较其他增强方法效果更好。     

考古发掘虚拟仿真实验的建设与思考——以体素模型应用为中心

随着信息科学的快速发展,虚拟仿真技术在田野考古以及文化遗产保护工作中已得到广泛的应用并展现出巨大的价值。基于虚拟仿真技术开发的数字化实验,也成为理论与实践之外,高校人才培养的一种创新性教学方式。此前以考古发掘为内容的虚拟仿真工作中往往只能提供某一特定状态下的静态展示,无法全面反映古遗址整体的堆积情况,而据此开发的考古发掘实验中也难以实现对发掘工作过程的模拟。究其原因,三维模型是虚拟仿真工作的核心基础,而传统建模方法一般只能得到模拟建模对象外表面特征的"面模型",却缺失内部数据,因此难以实现对古遗址等内部结构复杂对象的模拟,也难以实现高水平的仿真互动以模拟考古发掘工作过程。体素模型,也称三维栅格模型,是通过三维空间中一系列连续排列的基元矩阵实现对立体对象的表达。这些基元被称为体素,如同海量的像素有序排列可以构成精细的二维图像,当海量的体素如积木般被拼搭起来则可以最大限度还原立体对象的整体特征。近年来,体素模型已开始应用于考古发掘虚拟仿真实验的开发。相关工作充分展示出体素模型技术在考古发掘实验领域的技术优势:首先,体素模型可以实现对空间实体由表及里的整体模拟,所以在表达如古遗址等非均质对象复杂的内部结构关系时,在仿真度方面具有显著优势。其次,通过对体素单元的编辑,可以实现模型分解、重塑等面模型无法支持的互动操作,从而满足模型根据用户的随机操作实时呈现非预设的高自由度变化的效果。应用体素模型技术,以真实田野考古发掘工作数据为基础,郑州大学历史学院开发的"田野考古发掘虚拟仿真实验"通过精细的遗址模型设计与操作设计,实现了对地层堆积情况较为复杂的古代遗址的高准确度模拟以及对于考古发掘工作过程与技术要点的高仿真度模拟。该实验已经应用于考古文博等专业的人才培养,作为传统实验教学模式的补充,可以有效提升教学质量。而该实验通过网络平台向全社会开放,也可成为公众考古宣传的新途径。     

晚清湘籍官僚集团私谊关系及特点

湘籍官僚集团驰骋晚清官场半个世纪,其肇始于陶澍、贺长龄,由曾国藩、胡林翼、左宗棠等湘军系要员借助镇压太平天国而推向鼎峰,后随着清廷分化打压和内部成员间的摩擦,逐步走向衰落.在其发展过程中,成员间的纽带除了乡土宗族血亲关系和官职隶属官方关系外,更多的是师门、姻亲、主幕等私谊关系.这种私谊关系维系着集团内部成员的联系,协同成员间的政治行为,佑护成员在云谲波诡的官场中趋福避祸,构成了晚清独特的“官场文化”.     

基于活动空间的城市不同类型社区居民蓝绿空间品质差异研究

人本导向的动态蓝绿空间品质差异研究日益受到关注。本文从城市居住分异视角切入,以南京市单位小区、传统社区、城中村、保障房和商品房小区的不同收入人群为研究对象,考察其居住地、工作地、其他日常活动地点以及主要活动路径上的蓝绿空间品质,交叉对比不同类型社区和不同收入群体获得的蓝绿空间品质差异,进而研究蓝绿空间质量对居民环境感知的影响机制。研究表明,基于活动空间测度的不同社区类型居民蓝绿空间品质差异明显,但不同收入群体蓝绿空间品质差异不显著;活动路径的蓝绿空间要素比活动地点对居民环境感知的影响更大。