In the Shadow of Great Power Politics: Why Nehru Supported PRC's Admission to the Security Council

In early 1950s, India's Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru turned down suggestions that India become a Security Council Permanent Member. As per suggestions, India would either take China's seat occupied by Republic of China (RoC) or become the sixth member alongside RoC. Nehru turned down these overtures arguing that People's Republic of China (PRC) should occupy China's seat at the Security Council. This study ascertains why India turned down apparently good offers and instead championed PRC's cause at a time when there existed marked political differences between them. While some have analyzed India's stand strictly in bilateral terms, this study casts the net wider. By closely examining Nehru's writings and correspondences, it argues that Nehru's support was based on his understanding of PRC and its position as a great power in international relations. Early twentieth-century developments had taught him that great powers that were ostracized became a source of instability. In an era that saw the unveiling of nuclear bombs, the cost of a dissatisfied PRC would be tragic. To stabilize the system, it was necessary to accommodate PRC within the Security Council and provide it with the veto. This would assuage PRC and check its revisionist tendencies.     

Iron smelting and interethnic conflict among precolonial Maa-speaking pastoralists of north-central Kenya

The sparse archaeological remains attributed to pastoralists in north-central Kenya include quantities of smelting debris. A preliminary investigation suggests that smelting sites occur in two distinct locations: a majority in the lowlands at mountain bases or plains oases, and a minority on low mountain ridges. Mountain-base sites would offer direct access to the natural and human resources required for smelting ores, forging iron, and exchanging finished implements. At ridge-top sites, however, these resources would be inaccessible. Descendants of the last Maa-speaking smelters suggest that pre-colonial blacksmiths may periodically have resettled in mountains to continue their craft in the face of intense interethnic conflict. The conflict hypothesis is evaluated against oral traditions and archaeological evidence.

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Résumé Les vestiges archéologiques attribués aux pastoralistes de la région nord-centrale du Kenya comprennent des quantités de débris de fonte. Une investigation préliminaire suggère que des gisements de fondeurs se trouvent dans deux situations différentes: la plupart sont dans la plaine au pied des montagnes ou dans des oasis, tandis qu'une minorité de gisements se trouve sur de basses crêtes de montagnes. Les gisements au pied des montagnes offriraient un acces direct aux ressources naturelles et humaines necessaires pour fondre les minérais, forger le fer, et échanger des outils achevés. Par contre, dans les gisements de crête, ces ressources seraient inaccessibles. Les descendants des derniers fondeurs de langue Maa suggèrent que des forgerons précoloniaux ont peut-être ré-occupé les montagnes périodiquement et poursuivi leur métier face aux conflits intenses entre différents groupes ethniques. L'hypothèse du conflit est evaluée par rapport aux traditions orales et aux vestiges archéologiques.

     

The recognition of multiple spatial patterns: a case study from the French upper paleolithic

A pattern recognition approach to spatial analysis is applied to artifact distributions from the Magdalenian site of Pincevent, Section 36. Patterning is investigated using a κ-means cluster analysis that permits iterative mapping of artifact distributions at several scales of spatial complexity. Multiple scales of patterning are recognized in the Pincevent distributions. These patterns are assessed in terms of those discovered by the excavators through intensive visual inspection of the materials. Basic concordance is seen between these two approaches. Finally, the analysis detects more detailed patterning. A relationship between artifact abundance and location seems to hold constant throughout the site.