From the Piedmont to the Coast: LA-ICP-MS 87Sr/86Sr evidence for short-term,long-distance mobility in the American Southeast

Mounting evidence suggests that the Archaic Southeast shell mound builders had large-scale trade networks and engaged in social aggregations. Here, incremental ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values were measured by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in third molar enamel samples of 11 individuals interred in the Middle Archaic Harris Creek shell burial mound in St. John's River Valley (SJRV), Florida. Results reveal that SJRV residents engaged in short-term, long-distance mobility up to the Piedmont margin and excursions into coastal areas, consistent with direct trading and social gatherings. Two individuals are interpreted as migrants from central Tennessee, suggesting a link to the Ohio River Valley shell mound builders.     

Process-based models for port evolution and wreck site formation at Mombasa,Kenya

Mombasa Island, settled for almost 2000 years, played a central role in the development of the central seaboard of East Africa, emerging by the 16th century as a centre of sustained port dominance. Marine geoarchaeological surveys were conducted in Mombasa Harbour in 2001 (i) to quantify the nature and extent of the submerged archaeological resource, (ii) to investigate site formation and preservation potential of historic shipwrecks, and (iii) to explore the natural evolution of the Old Port and adjacent basins in the context of hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes. Backscatter and single-beam echo-sounder data were acquired, interpreted and diver-truthed using surface-demand and SCUBA systems. It is proposed that sustained scour processes, resultant from the interaction of ebb and flood tidal currents with bedrock ridges, control the bathymetric evolution of Mombasa Harbour, negating requirement for mechanical dredging. The submerged archaeological resource in the area comprises fish traps and shipwrecks. Physical processes govern shipwreck site formation, with scour and bed-migration dominant, ultimately leading to structural instability and site degradation. The wreck of Santo António de Tanná (1697) has been subject to gravitational collapse and mass down-slope movement of material, concentrating wreck structure and material along the portside stern third of the vessel.     

Care-givers,leisure and meanings of home: a case study of low income women in Dublin

This article seeks to contribute to the literature on the meanings of domestic spaces by furthering understandings of the sorts of roles that space plays in shaping women's leisure experiences. The study researched a group of 15 women who live in disadvantaged areas of Dublin city and care for dependent children. Focus groups and structured conversations revealed the poverty of the spatial capital available to these women, depicting local environments as difficult and stressful, and to be endured rather than enjoyed. They further revealed the extent to which the women's lives were shaped by their obligations as care-givers. Within the home itself, private domestic spaces were found to be deeply embedded with powerful ideologies of motherhood that did not necessarily evaporate in the simple absence of obligations imposed by children. Instead, they tended to serve as constant reminders of how things ‘should be’, consequently constraining some women's abilities to divest themselves of care-giving duties and engage in self-focused recreation. Some of the women studied were able to move beyond obligation, and for them leisure represented modest yet significant opportunities to self-determinedly relax, reclaim and even luxuriate in certain spaces within their homes. Similarly, once relieved of child-caring responsibilities, leisure encounters within the local environment afforded some women new insights into familiar spaces.     

Processes and patterns of flow,erosion, and deposition at shipwreck sites: a computational fluid dynamic simulation

Shipwreck sites are open systems, allowing the exchange of material and energy across system boundaries. Physical processes dominate site formation at fully submerged wreck sites, and in turn influence chemical and biological processes at many stages of site formation. Scouring presents a fundamental yet poorly understood threat to wreck sites, and the processes and patterns of erosion and deposition of sediments and artefacts at wreck sites are poorly understood. Laboratory and field-based experiments to study these phenomena are time-consuming and expensive. In this study, open-source computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to model the processes and patterns of flow, erosion, and deposition at fully submerged wreck sites. Simulations successfully capture changes in the flow regime in the environment of the wreck as a function of incidence angle, including flow contraction, the generation of horseshoe vortices in front of the wreck, the formation of lee-wake vortices behind the structure, and increased turbulence and shear stress in the lee of the wreck site. CFD simulations demonstrate that horseshoe vortices control scour on the upstream face of structure but play a minimal role in scouring on the lee side. Lee-wake vortices dominate behind the structure, with low-pressure zones in the lee of the wreck capturing flow. The amplification and reduction of wall shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy in the lee of the vessel form distinctive patterns in relation to flow direction, with areas of amplified and reduced wall shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy demonstrating excellent spatial correlation with erosional and depositional patterns developed at real-world wreck sites.     

Book reviews

P.A. Reynolds, An Introduction to International Relations. Second edition. Longman, New York, 1980. pp. 325. $16.95.

Brij Mohan Kaushik and O. N. Mehrotra, Pakistan's Nuclear Bomb. Sopan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 228. $US15.00.

Gary S. Fields, Poverty, Inequality and Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980, pp.xi + 281. £16.00 (cloth), £5.50 (paper).

J. K. Galbraith, The Nature of Mass Poverty. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1980. $3.95.

Valerie Bunce, Do New Leaders Make a Difference? Executive Succession and Public Policy under Capitalism and Socialism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981, pp. xiii+296. $US29.50 (cloth), $US9.25 (paper).

Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York, 1981, pp.x+251. $US28.50 (cloth), $US15.75 (paper).

Lars Schoultz, Human Rights and United States Policy Toward Latin America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981, pp.xvii+421. $US42.50 (cloth), $US10.50 (paper).

Archimedes L.A. Patti, Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1980, pp. xx + 612. $27.50.

Robert H. Donaldson (ed.), The Soviet Union in the Third World: Successes and Failures. Croom Helm, London, 1981, pp. xiv + 458. £14.95.

Arthur Gavshon, Crisis in Africa. Battleground of East and West. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1981, pp. 320. $9.95.

Study Commission on US Policy Toward Southern Africa, South Africa: Time Running Out. University of California Press and Foreign Policy Study Foundation, Inc., Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981, pp xxix + 517. No price given.

Abner Cohen, The Politics of Bite Culture: Explorations in the Dramaturgy of Power in a Modem African Society. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981. No price given.

Franklin D. Margiotta (ed.), Evolving Strategic Realities: Implications for U.S. Policymakers. National Defense University, Washington, 1980, pp. 222. No price given.

Alan D. Buckley and Daniel D. Olson (eds.), International Terrorism: Current Research and Future Directions. Avery Publishing Group, Inc., Wayne, N.J., 1980, pp. xi + 113. $US7.95

Charles Himawan, The Foreign Investment Process in Indonesia Gunung Agung, Singapore, 1980, pp. xvi + 332. Rp 8500.

Mohd A. Nawawi, The Political Economy of Political Develop‐menu A Case Study of Regional Development in the Philippines Before Martial Law. Australian National University, Development Studies Centre Monograph No. 21, 1980, pp. xvi + 82. $6.00.

Alfons von der Kraan, Lombok: Conquest, Colonization and Underdevelopment. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1981, pp. xii + 277. $22.50 (cloth), $10.50 (paper).

A.T. Cowat and K.E. Brofoss, Decisions, Politics and Change: A Study of Norwegian Urban Budgeting, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1979, pp. 150. $US11.00.

John Nation, Customs of respect: the traditional basis of Fijian communal politics. The Australian National University Development Studies Monograph No. 14, 1978, pp. xx + 168. $8.00.