LITERATURE REVIEWS

Book Review Essay URBAN POLICY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CITIES: GENTRIFICATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION J. John Palen and Bruce London, eds., Gentrification, displacement and Neighborhood Revitalization Michael H. Schill and Richard P. Nathan, Revitalizing America's Cities Paul E. Peterson, ed., The New Urban Reality Addo, Herb, et al. Development as Social Transformation: Reflections on the Global Problematique Arian, Asher. Politics in Israel: The Second Generation Bean, Philip, John Ferris and David Whynes, (eds.). In Defense of Welfare Bedichek, Wendell M., and Neal Tannahill. Public Policy in Texas Bowman, William, Roger Little and G. Thomas sicilia. The All-Volunteer Force After a Decade: Retrospedt and Prospect Congressional quarterly Editorial Staff, Energy and Environment: Unfinished Business Dahrendorf, Ralf. Law and Order Dillon, K. Burke, et al., and Khan, Mohsin S., et al. Recent Developments in External Debt Restructuring Editors of congressional Quarterly. U.S. Foreign Policy: The Reagan imprint Edwards, George C., 111, Steven A. Shull and Norman C. Thomas, (eds.). The Presidency and Public Policy Making Foell, Earl, and Richard Henneman, (eds.). How Peace Came to the Word Grant, Wyn (ed.). The Political economy of Corporatism Grindle, Merilee S. State and Countryside: Development Policy and Agrarian Politics in Latin America Hardin, Russell, John J. Mearsheimer, Gerald Dworkin and Robert E. Goodin, (eds.). Nuclear Deterrence: ethics and Strategy Hershey, Marjorie Randon. Running for Office: The Political Education of Campaigners Hough, Jerry F. The Struggle for the third World: Soviet Debates and American Options Kamieniecki, sheldon, Robert O'Brien and Michael Clark (eds.). Controversies in environmental Policy Kaufman, Herbert. Time, Chance and Organizations: Natural Selection in a Perilous Environment Kenny, Anthouny. The Logic of Deterrence: A Philosopher Looks at the Arguments For and Against Nuclear Disarmament Lal, Deepak. The Poverty of ‘Development Economics’ Mehran, Hassanali (ed.). External Debt Management Rees, Gareth and John Lambert. Cities in Crisis: The Political Economy of Urban Development in Post-War Britain Ripley, Randal B., and Grace A. Franklin. Policy Implementation and Bureaucracy Savoie, Donald J. Regional Economic Development: Canada's Search for Solutions Sawhill, John C., and Richard Cotton (eds.). Energy Conservation-Successes and Failures Schmandt, Jurgen, and Hilliard Roderick (eds.). Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute Between Canada and the United States Sundquist, James L. Constitutional Reform and Effective Government Vincent, C. Paul. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany 1915-1919 Witt, Elder. A Different Justice: Reagan and the Supreme Court Wright, Kevin. The Great American Crime Myth     

Classical Temples and Industrial Stores: Survey Analysis of Historic Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Precincts to Inform Urban Seismic Risk Mitigation

ABSTRACT

Oamaru, Winton, and Invercargill feature some of New Zealand’s most intact heritage precincts that are confronted by ongoing threats of seismic activity. The 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence and Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission of 2012, identified a nationwide trend through the proportion of deaths that occurred in public places as a result of the prevalent historic unreinforced masonry (URM) building stock. The reported study was undertaken to address urban safety and seismic risk mitigation through the lens of heritage conservation. The range of classically designed public buildings and industrial warehouses in the South Island of New Zealand were often produced by singular architectural practices, using locally sourced materials and construction techniques. It is vital to incorporate an examination of unique architectural qualities within urban seismic risk assessment and mitigation. Historic urban layout, architectural deployment of masonry, and extent of retrofits were recorded through onsite visual surveys via Geographical Information Systems and three-dimensional representation technologies. Extending the scope of information collected for engineering seismic risk assessment by focusing on the historical architectural context informs the selection of future mitigation measures. Oamaru, Winton, and Invercargill present intriguing case studies for multidisciplinary analysis, prior to testing urban-scale survey approaches within comparable historic centers across New Zealand.     

Book Reviews

Eduardo Lozano.Community Design and the Culture of Cities. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, xiii and 340 pp., Hardcover $65.00, Paperback $24.95.

Jonathan Barker, Rural Communities under Stress: Peasant Farmers and the State in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 228 pp., $44.50 hardbound, $13.95 paper and David J. Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, vii, 154 pp., $17 paper.

David M. Hummon, Commonplaces: Community Ideology and Identity in American Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, xv and 236 pp., $49.50 (hardbound); $16.95 (paper).

William H. Wilson, The City Beautiful Movement. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989, x and 365 pp., $38.50 (hardbound).

F.M.L. Thompson, ed. The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750- 1950. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Vol. I, Regions and Communities, xv and 588 pp., $69.50; vol. II, People and Their Environment, xv and 373 pp., $59.50; vol. Ill, Social Agencies and Institutions, xiii and 492 pp., $59.50; the set, $150.00

Luke B. Knapke, ed. Liwwät Böke, 1807-1882, Pioneer. Minster, Ohio: The Minster Historical Society, 1987, 197 pp. and pen and ink sketches, $22.25 (hardbound).

Timothy R. Mahoney. River Towns in the Great West: The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 1820-1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, xi and 319 pp., $39.50 (cloth).

James S. Duncan. The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, xiv and229 pp., index, figures, $49.50 (hardbound).     

Military geography: A review

Through sixty years of chequered fortune the Magazine showed the impact of current history, notably during the 1914‐18 war when a few authors, notably Newbigin, Chisholm and Mackinder, wrote fine articles on current international problems. From 1919 many studies of geography as a whole and of its various branches appeared, a number of them given as presidential addresses to Section E of the British Association. The tradition of publishing local research studies was maintained and developed from the 1930's, both for Scotland and for areas elsewhere.     

Round Kangchenjunga

From about 1700 onwards, several maps were produced showing the supposed position of the “Highland Line” — the boundary between Highland and Lowland Scotland. The paper assesses the cartographic evidence for the relative positioning of this division within Scotland apparent in a number of maps dating from 1700 to 1895. Several other sources are used to determine the accuracy of these mapped lines in relation to the actual extent of the Gaelic language in that period.