Elemental analysis and characterization of ochre sources from Southern Arizona

Iron oxides and other associated minerals (ochre) were widely used in ancient times, however, the use and procurement of these materials is not well understood and there has been little research on the elemental characterization of the material compared to other artifact classes. To assess the possibility of identifying ochre differences between locations, the original potential geological sources should be thoroughly characterized. This paper describes the collection of potential geologic sources of ochre in the Tucson basin of Arizona, sampling of those sources, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and subsequent multivariate analysis of the data. This paper has several goals, including characterizing geochemical trends within and between ochre sources, identifying the important elements in geochemical characterization of ochre, and establishing a database for further investigations. This preliminary study indicates that the inter- and intra-source variations in geological sources of ochre in the Tucson basin region can be differentiated. Future analysis of iron oxide artifacts will be performed to examine correlations between artifacts and sources and provide a basis for further deductions concerning ancient ochre procurement.     

Oral History in a Wounded Country: Interactive Interviewing in South Africa

The utility of oral history has always seemed most evident whengreat change occurs. Political, social, and cultural upheavalscall for documentation of the direct participants, and the printedarchives inevitably reflect the viewpoint of the old regime.Nowhere has such change been more dramatic and breathtakingthan in South Africa since the 1990s, when decades of strictapartheid collapsed into a multiracial, multicultural societythat is now ruled by its former political prisoners. Although     

The resources and economy of Scotland re‐viewed

The increasing demand for sand and gravel in Scotland is examined and it is shown that most reserves occur in areas of fluvioglacial deposition. Against this background, existing methods of evaluation are compared and it is argued that these techniques are either too costly and time‐consuming, or else not of general applicability to all regions containing aggregate supplies. A new methodology is suggested which overcomes these drawbacks and provides a means by which a trained geomorphologist can produce a reasonably accurate inventory of reserves in a given region. An example of the application of this new procedure to North East Scotland is considered.     

Defining Citizenship for a New Nation

A key part of any process of decolonisation is the need for the emerging nation to determine the rules for citizenship. In Papua New Guinea, what it meant to be a citizen was the first topic that the Constitutional Planning Committee considered when it set about its task to develop a ‘home grown’ constitution in late 1972. The process by which it first comprehended this matter and then involved thousands of Papua New Guineans in their villages, missions and schools in a territory-wide exercise in consultation forms the subject of this paper. The records of the discussions that took place between February and April of 1973 reveal much of how the criteria for membership of the national enterprise came to be established. This case study of defining citizenship in PNG demonstrates the intensive consultation of the local peoples on key issues in nation-building and reveals the high degree of Indigenous agency in the decolonisation process.