Indicators of community economic development through mural-based tourism

Community Economic Development (CED) has become a recognised form of economic development, despite contention regarding its definition and applications. It is acknowledged that development planning benefits from a more holistic approach with a focus on community participation. The objective of this paper was to explore the process and selected indicators of CED success through an examination of five Saskatchewan communities that have made the conscious decision to develop tourism through the use of wall murals on the exteriors of buildings. Extensive in-person interviews were conducted with stakeholders in each of these communities. Generally, this research has found that both the CED process undertaken and the measurement of success are dependent upon the desired outcomes of mural development. For example, in communities that created murals-as-community-beautification, the process was less formalised and success was measured more qualitatively, for example in increased community pride and the development of social relationships. For those communities where murals were developed as part of an explicit economic development strategy, the process was more formalised and the outcomes measured more quantitatively, including the numbers of visitors, employment and businesses created. This research also indicates that particular attributes of rural places play a critical role in how CED is understood, defined and carried out, and how successes, both tangible and intangible, are measured.     

Another (mud)brick in the wall: scientific analysis of Bronze Age earthen construction materials from East Crete

Mudbricks appear to have been one of the most common building materials used in domestic architecture in Bronze Age Crete. Well-preserved earthen construction materials from the sites of Vasiliki, Makrygialos and Mochlos in East Crete have been examined with regard to their macromorphological characteristics and their mineralogical and chemical composition in order to investigate the nature of the raw materials used, the technology of manufacture and the potential use of specific recipes. The methods applied include a combination of mineralogical and chemical analytical techniques, namely petrography, neutron activation (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Finally, a range of raw materials from the immediate vicinity of each site were sampled and analyzed in order to compare with the archaeological data and identify potential sources. The analyses suggested that there is a degree of standardization in the recipes and the manufacturing process and that the selection of the raw materials depends on availability.     

Book reviews

The World on Paper. By David R. Olson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xix + 319 pp. £17.95/$24.95 cloth.

Milton and the Revolutionary Reader. By Sharon Achinstein (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xv + 272 pp. £27.50/$35.00 cloth.

The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. By Rodney Stark (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) xiv + 246 pp. £16.95/$24.95 cloth.

The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation. By Christopher J. Berry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xiv + 271 pp. £45.00/$69.95 cloth, £17.95/$24.95 paper.

Will to Live: One Family's Story of Surviving the Holocaust. By Adam Starkopf (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995) 242 pp. $14.95 paper.

Meditations of a Holocaust Traveler. By Gerald E. Markle (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 185 pp. $12.95 paper.

Nazism and German Society. 1933–1945. Edited by David C. Crew (London: Routledge, 1994) xii + 316 pp. £11.99 paper.

Women in Ancient Greece. By Sue Blundell (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 224 pp. $19.95 paper.

The Dear Purchase: A Theme in German Modernism. By J. P. Stern (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 445 pp. $64.95 cloth.

An Introduction to Political Ideas. Edited by Peter M. R. Stirk and David Weigall (London: Pinter Press, 1995) xv + 385 pp. £14.99 paper.

André Malraux: Politics and the Temptation of Myth. By Gino Raymond, Avery Series in Philosophy (Aldershot: Avebury, Ashgate, 1995) vi + 212 pp. $59.95 paper.

Collingwood Studies, Volume 1: The Life and Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Edited by David Boucher (Swansea: R. G. Collingwood Society, 1994) xiii + 211 pp. paper.

Perversion and Utopia: A Study in Psychoanalysis and Critical Theory. By Joel Whitebook (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995) 350 pp. $29.95 cloth.

A Vindication of the Rights of Men with a Vindication of the Rights of Woman. By Mary Wollstonecraft, edited by Sylvana Tomaselli, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) £8.95/$ 10.95 paper, £25.00/$44.95 cloth.

Utopias of British Enlightenment. By Gregory Claeys, History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xli +305 pp. $19.95 paper.

Baroque Personae. Edited by Rosario Villari, translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) 357 pp. £37.95/ $54.75 cloth.

The Narrative Fiction of Heinrich Boll: Social Conscience and Literary Achievement. Edited by Michael Butler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xv + 280 pp. £37.50/$59.95 cloth.

La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking in Seventeenth‐Century France. By Henry C. Clark, Histoire des idees et critique littéraire, vol. 336 (Genève: Droz, 1994), 232 pp. paper.

Jane Austen and the Representation of Regency England. By Roger Sales (London: Routledge, 1996) xxii + 283 pp. £13.99 paper.

Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. By R. J. Crampton (London: Routledge, 1994), xx + 475 pp. £14.99 paper.

What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth‐Century Answers and Twentieth‐Century Questions. Edited by James Schmidt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996) xiii + 563 pp. $50.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. By Joan Wallach Scott (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) 256 pp. $27.95 paper.

Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge. By Henry Plotkin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1994) xviii + 269 pp. $26.95 cloth.

Rediscovering History: Culture, Politics, and the Psyche. Edited by Michael S. Roth (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xv + 535 pp. $16.95 paper.

Narrative, Authority, and Power: The Medieval Exemplum and the Chaucerian Tradition. By Larry Scanlon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii+ 378 pp. £40.00/$64.95 cloth

Retreat from the Modern: Humanism, Postmodernism and the Flight from Modernist Culture. By N. J. Rengger (London: Bowerdean, 1996) vi+ 122 pp. $14.95 paper.

Nature, Justice and Rights in Aristotle's Politics. By Fred D. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) xvii + 424 pp. 40.00 cloth.

Hauptsache Europa: Perspectiven für das Europäischen Parlament. By Peter Schönberger (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994), Dokumente und Schriften der Europäischen Akademie Otzenhausen, vol. 72, 130 pp. DM 88.00/AS 687/ sFF 88.00 paper.

A Proper Dyaloge betwene a Gentillman and an Husbandman. Edited by Douglas H. Parker (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ix + 291 pp. £33.75/$55.00 cloth.

The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global‐Historical Interpretation. By Bailey Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 268 pp. $49.95/ £37.50 cloth $14.95/£11.95 paper.

Britain in the European Union Today. By Colin Pilkington (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995) 260 pp. £35.00 cloth £9.99 paper.

Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. By Cornelis Augustijn, translated by J. C. Grayson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991)x + 239 pp. £13.00/$19.95 paper.

Jean‐Jacques Rousseau: Music, Illusion and Desire. By Michael O'Dea (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995) viii + 284 pp. $59.95 cloth.

The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics. Edited and translated by Frederick C. Beiser, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) £37.50/$54.95 cloth, £13.95/$18.95 paper.

Wollstonecraft's Daughters: Womanhood in England and France, 1780–1920. Edited by Clarissa Campbell Orr (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996) x + 206 pp. $69.95 cloth.

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. By Jeremy Bentham, edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, with a new introduction by F. Rosen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) cxii + 343 pp. £17.99/$32.00 paper.

Community and Consent: The Secular Political Theory of Marsiglio of Padua's Defensor Pacis. By Cary J. Nederman (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 1995) 161 pp. $22.95 paper, $57.50 cloth.

Osip Mandelstam and the Modernist Creation of Tradition. By Clare Cavanagh (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) xii + 365 pp. $39.50 cloth.

God and Government in an “Age of Reason.” By David Nicholls (London: Routledge) 1995, xi + 278 pp. £45.00 cloth.

Petersburg, Crucible of Cultural Revolution. By Katerina Clark (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995) xii + 377 pp. $39.95 cloth.

Histoire du suicide: la société occidentale face à la mort volontaire. By Georges Minois (Paris: Fayard, 1995) 421 pp. FF 150.00 paper.

Classical Probability in the Enlightenment. By Lorraine Daston (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995) xviii + 432 pp. $19.95 paper.

Daedalus (Winter, 1996) “Social Suffering.” Edited by V. Das, A. Kleinman, and M. Lock 283 pp. $7.95 (Canada)/ $10.35 (U.S.) paper.

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. By Irina Livezeanu (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995) 340 pp. £35.50/$45.00 (U.S.)/ $49.50 (foreign) cloth.

The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, vol. 2, 1914–1919. Edited by Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant, translated by Peter T. Hoffer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xlvi +397 pp. $45.00 cloth.

Biologists Under Hitler. By Ute Deichmann, translated by Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xviii + 468 pp. $45.00 cloth.

The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914. By E. H. H. Green (London: Routledge, 1995) xiv + 412 pp., £50.00 cloth.

Marx: Later Political Writings. Edited by Terrell Carver, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) xxxiii + 260 pp. £a27.95/$24.95 cloth £9.95/$ 12.95 paper.

A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neofascism. By Françoise Gaspard, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge‐Harvard University Press, 1995) xi + 194 pp. $32.50 cloth $15.95 paper.

Reading Henry James in French Cultural Contexts. By Pierre A. Walker (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995) xxiv+ 230 pp. $28.50 cloth.

The Glory of van Gogh: An Anthropology of Admiration. By Nathalie Heinich, translated by Paul Leduc Browne (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) 218 pp. $29.95 paper.

Poor Women and Children in the European Past. Edited by John Henderson and Richard Wall (London: Routledge, 1994) xiii + 347 pp. £45.00 cloth.

Chopin at the Boundaries: Sex, History and Musical Genre. By Jeffrey Kallberg Convergences (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xiii + 301 pp. $45.00 cloth.

After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States. By Anatoly M. Khazanov (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995) xxi + 311 pp. $24.95 cloth.

Reflections on Violence. By John Keane (London: Verso, 1996) 200 pp. £16.95 paper.

Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Twelfth‐century Ethical Poetics and the Satirical Poetry of the Carmina Burana. By Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen, Bibliotheca Histories 9. (Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1995) 188 pp. paper.

La Pensée politique de Raymond Aron. By Stephane Launay, Recherches politiques (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995) x + 243 pp. 158 FF paper.

Psychoanalysis and Gender: An Introductory Reader. By Rosalind Minsky (London: Routledge, 1996) xv + 317 pp. $69.95 cloth/$27.75 paper.

Un ?Intellectuel? avant la lettre: le journaliste Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). L'actualité religieuse dans les Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684–1687). By Hubert Bost. Etudes de l'Institut Pierre Bayle, Nijmegen (Amsterdam and Maarssen: APA—Holland University Press, 1994) xii + 584 pp. 150 cloth.     

The Berlin wall and the Bastille: Tearing down walls and building myths

This article first discusses the construction, destruction and consumption of the Berlin Wall, noting especially the different meanings of Mauer (the wall as a barrier) and Wand (the surface of a wall). It then compares the end of the Wall with the storming of the Bastille and its transformation into symbolic souvenirs. The fall of the Berlin Wall entered collective memory through mass participation in its destruction, rock concerts held around it, graffiti art and the purchase of Wall fragments. However, sections of the Wall are now being preserved to prevent it from being forgotten by future generations.