Struggling: Living Conditions of Ordinary Civil Servants of Tianjin Special Municipality during the Period of the Japanese Occupation

During the period of the Japanese occupation, ordinary civil servants were the main force keeping the puppet municipal government of Tianjin functioning. In the first years of the occupation, the puppet municipal government mainly hired former civil servants who had served under the Nanjing National Government. After the situation was stable, the puppet municipal government also recruited civil servants by civil service examinations. The ranks of civil servants and the rules and regulations they observed were basically the same as those of the former National Government. Most ordinary civil servants came from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and were relatively young and well educated. They mainly relied on their salaries for their livelihood. For the first three years of the Japanese occupation they lived comfortably, because of their relatively high and stable incomes and the slow rate of inflation. After that, inflation soared, but their salaries did not increase correspondingly, therefore the living conditions of civil servants declined constantly. The Japanese puppet government exercised strict control over civil servants, physically and psychologically, and forced them to receive enslaving education. In short, they were in a distorted and struggling state both in their material life and their spiritual world.     

江泽民侨务思想探析

江泽民对我国新时期的侨务问题作了一系列重要论述:吸引侨资要适应我国经济社会的发展变化;华裔科学家是发展我国科技事业的宝贵资源;华侨华人是我国对外交往的桥梁,是祖国统一的推动力量,是新时期统一战线的组成部分。江泽民侨务思想是"三个代表"重要思想的组成部分,是邓小平侨务思想的继承和发展,在新时期党和国家工作中占有重要地位,并具有自身的特点。     

商代晚期黄河以北地区的犀牛和水牛——从甲骨文中的(令)和兕字谈起

商代甲骨文中的(令),常被写定为兕或(凹豖),迄今为止,众多一流专家对它的解释是见仁见智.某些最常见的解释是:犀牛、牛一样的独角兕、兕属的牛、兕(没有解释)、让人垂涎的特殊猎物、中原地区的一种野生动物等等.本文试图就此问题再作探讨.     

中国古建琉璃构件“粉状锈”之病变初探

琉璃构件是中国古代建筑中不可缺少的建筑材料,具有一定的功能性和艺术性.但因其长期处于露天环境之中,会产生釉面蜕变、开裂、脱落和胎体酥粉等多种病变.为了对琉璃构件的全面保护,对洛阳山陕会馆古建群琉璃构件进行了整体调查,发现部分构件釉面产生了一层亮绿色粉状物质,与青铜器粉状锈颜色非常相似,这是一种极其特殊的病变现象.为此,用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等分析手段对这种病变产物进行分析研究.结果表明,琉璃"粉状锈"的主要成分为PbSO4.它是大气中SO2与水分和琉璃釉面共同作用的结果.该病变的形成过程为釉面弱酸水膜的形成,釉中铅离子的溶出和铅的硫酸盐形成三大步骤.研究结果可为琉璃构件的进一步保护研究奠定基础.     

中国古建琉璃构件“粉状锈”之病变初探

琉璃构件是中国古代建筑中不可缺少的建筑材料,具有一定的功能性和艺术性。但因其长期处于露天环境之中,会产生釉面蜕变、开裂、脱落和胎体酥粉等多种病变。为了对琉璃构件的全面保护,对洛阳山陕会馆古建群琉璃构件进行了整体调查,发现部分构件釉面产生了一层亮绿色粉状物质,与青铜器粉状锈颜色非常相似,这是一种极其特殊的病变现象。为此,用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等分析手段对这种病变产物进行分析研究。结果表明,琉璃“粉状锈”的主要成分为PbSO4。它是大气中SO2与水分和琉璃釉面共同作用的结果。该病变的形成过程为:釉面弱酸水膜的形成,釉中铅离子的溶出和铅的硫酸盐形成三大步骤。研究结果可为琉璃构件的进一步保护研究奠定基础。     

The Earliest High‐Fired Glazed Ceramic in China: Evidence from a Glazed Ceramic Sample from the Lajia Site,Qinghai Province

In the Majiayao cultural stratum of the Lajia site in Minhe County, Qinghai Province, much earthenware of rich variety and strong character has been found, among which the most special item is a suspected glazed white ceramic fragment. This study investigates this ceramic sherd and many other overfired objects. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy – energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermodilatometry were employed to analyse the composition, microstructure, phase composition and firing temperature of the white ceramic. In addition to large condensed glaze droplets, the white ceramic showed a thin and uneven glaze layer, which might represent the earliest results of the exploration of glaze‐making technology by Lajia inhabitants, and provide a new perspective on the study of the origin of Chinese proto‐porcelains.     

略述洪武二十二年湖广练兵与贵州部分卫所旗军来源

随着洪武二十一年、二十二年再征云南,东川蛮、越州阿资、湖广九溪蛮被陆续讨平.为稳定西南局势,明廷命开国诸将分驻湖广、四川卫所操练,以防西南蛮.贵州卫所的设置达到了第二个高潮,从湖广等地垛集民丁补充贵州新设卫所屯戍力量,遂成为其重要举措.在此背景下,清浪卫、安南卫、威清卫、平溪卫从湖广黄州府麻城县、黄冈县、蕲州、黄梅县、广济县;宝庆府武冈州、新化县、邵阳县;长沙府湘乡县地区垛集大批民丁编入军伍.垛集民丁而来的军人,是贵州卫所军最不可忽视的主体,洪武再征云南,使卫所在贵州的统治地位最终得以巩固.     

《大学》与人格修养

本文依托于上古时期的巫术文化,对《大学》的上古背景进行了深刻的阐述.在仔细辨识"德"、"学"等字义的前提下,从三大纲领、八大条目和义利之辨三个方面,依据"明明德"的天道启示,详细阐述了儒家经典的人格修养"忠恕之道,一以贯之"的深刻内容.从人之所以为人的敬畏之心、反省之心、创新之心等等各个方面讲述了人格修养的途径与内容.     

三组明清织物装饰捻金线的技术分析与比较研究

为了对比分析不同金属线的形貌、材质和工艺差异,理解不同时代金属线差异产生的原因,利用显微形貌观察与科学仪器分析对三组明清纺织品捻金线样品的金属箔条、有机质背层、芯线进行了形貌观察分析。对比了三组捻金线的形貌、结构、尺寸和材质特征,对其制作工艺进行了对比分析,得出了三组捻金线的质量优劣等次,发现了金属线的选用与被装饰织物的时代、功用性质和文化属性之间存在一定关系的现象。含金量高的金属箔条、蚕丝芯线、尺寸纤细、制作精细的捻金线属于高等次的捻金线,常用于等级高、文化属性及功用重要的纺织品文物装饰,其中不带背层的金属线等级又高于带有背层的金属线。本研究对开展金属线系统分析和金属线对比研究具有较高的参考价值。     

First report of Cixiidae insect fossils from the Miocene of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their palaeoenvironmental implications

Li, Y., Liu, X., Ren, D., Li, X. & Yao, Y., June 2016. First report of Cixiidae insect fossils from the Miocene of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their palaeoenvironmental implications. Alcheringa 41, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

A new insect species, Cixius discretus (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha), from the Lower Miocene Garang Formation of Zeku County, Qinghai Province (northeastern Tibetan Plateau) is described. This species can be assigned to Cixiidae and represents the first fossil representative of this family from Qinghai Province. Based on the recent single-origin hypothesis and the distribution of tectonic plates in the Cretaceous, we consider that ancient Cixius had dispersed globally prior to the Cretaceous. Through analysis of the habitats of extant Cixius, the palaeoclimate and fossil flora of the Zeku area during the Miocene, we interpret the climate of Zeku in the early Miocene to have been warm-temperate and mildly arid. The new species constitutes evidence of wooded and shrubby habitats in Zeku during the Miocene.

Yi Li [liy0124@sina.com], XiaoHui Liu [liuxh8917@163.com], Dong Ren [rendong@mail.cnu.edu.cn] and YunZhi Yao [yunzhi@cnu.edu.cn], College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuanbeilu 105, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; XiangChuan Li [lzulixiangchuan@163.com], College of Earth Sciences and Resources & Key Laboratory of Western Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, PR China.