法门寺地宫出土伊斯兰琉璃器之研究

法门寺地宫出土的玻璃器,是世界伊斯兰玻璃考古的重大发现。本文通过对法门寺玻璃器的研究,结合国外伊斯兰玻璃器的考古发现与器物特特征,探讨法门寺玻璃器的制造时间、生产地点与文化内涵。     

初中政治课探究式教学中的教师作用例谈

政治学科不同于自然科学,其探究问题的结论有政策倾向性。教师对探究问题所得出的结论的强调是其主导作用发挥的关键阶段,其作用至关重要。教师应注意升华问题,深层次地把握关键点。能否做到这一点,明显反映了一个教师进行探究式课堂教学角色发挥水平的高低。     

After the Nicaraguan Non‐Payment Crisis: Alternatives to Microfinance Narcissism

This article argues against ‘microfinance narcissism’ and calls for a re‐politicization of the microfinance paradigm. The dominant verdict on microcredit has undergone a damning transformation, from ‘magic bullet for poverty reduction’ to ‘cause of suicide’. Nowadays, both radical critics and mainstream voices deplore microcredit's negative impact on micro‐entrepreneurs. They argue for a reorientation where credit is targeted at established small and medium‐sized enterprises, particularly in rural areas. The crisis in microfinance worldwide, including burgeoning protests, are viewed as proof of the commercial derailment and/or misplaced faith in microfinance's positive social and economic impact on the poor. This article engages with this debate through a study of the Nicaraguan micro‐finance crisis. It challenges existing analyses that pin the crisis on agricultural over‐indebtedness, lack of due diligence, or Sandinista populist politics. Illustrating the dangers of neglecting the diverse nature of microfinance, it reveals the paradoxical outcomes of the crisis: a refocus on the urban at the expense of agricultural credit for small and medium enterprises and a consolidation of the power of national processing elites. Nicaragua's Non‐Payment Movement is also shown to be both a product of elite manipulation and an expression of legitimate resistance to an industry that turns a blind eye to the manner in which markets and politics constrain clients’ potential.     

Phylogenetic analysis of a new fossil Notonectidae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) from the Late Jurassic of China

Zhang W.T., Yao Y.Z. & Ren D., June 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of a new fossil Notonectidae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) from the Late Jurassic of China. Alcheringa, 239–250. ISSN 0311-5518.

A new fossil species Notonecta vetula sp. nov. is described and illustrated using nymph and adult fossil specimens collected from the Upper Jurassic Chijinqiao Formation, Yumen City, Gansu Province, China. A phylogenetic analysis, based on a combination of fossil and extant backswimmers, was conducted to confirm the position of the new fossil within the Notonectidae.

Wei-ting Zhang [zhangweitinghao@163.com], Yun-zhi Yao* [yaoyz100@gmail.com] and Dong Ren [rendong@mail.cnu.edu.cn], Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China; *Corresponding author; also affiliated with: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS), Nanjing 210008, PR China. Received 13.7.2011; revised 19.9.2011, accepted 27.9.2011.     

Two new species of Mesosciophilidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from the Yanliao biota of Inner Mongolia,China

Wang, Q., Zhao, Y.Y. & Ren, D., December 2012. Two new species of Mesosciophilidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from the Yanliao biota of Inner Mongolia, China. Alcheringa 36, 509–514. ISSN 0311-5518.

Two new species assigned to Mesosciophila Rohdendorf and Paramesosciophilodes Zhang in the Mesosciophilidae are described and illustrated: Mesosciophila sigmoidea sp. nov. and Paramesosciophilodes aequus sp. nov. They are established based on fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. Both were collected from the Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China.     

小河沿文化界说

关于小河沿文化的内涵和命名问题,学术界虽讨论了多年,但至今仍存在较大争议。通过对燕山以北地区小河沿文化遗址材料和墓地材料的检讨,重新界定了小河沿文化的基本内涵和分布范围。经过进一步的比对分析,认为燕山以南的雪山一期遗存、中贾壁遗存、午方遗存(类型)总体特征与小河沿文化区别明显,不宜纳入小河沿文化范畴。燕山以南各类遗存中所见的少部分小河沿文化因素,实为相同时期诸考古学文化之间彼此交流或受到了相同文化影响的结果。     

旅游规划的定位与定向

在回顾国内外旅游规划发展状况的基础上,本文论述了旅游规划的地位与作用。进而从旅游规划的对象、任务、理论和技术四大方面,结合国情探讨了旅游规划的发展方向。     

旅游客源预测的神经网络方法

对旅游业来说,客源是赖以存在和发展的关键因素。根据游客人数的多少,旅游接待地可相应确定旅游接待服务设施规模,因此对游客数量进行预测是很重要而且是十分必要的。本文提出了一种基于人工神经网络的旅游客源预测方法,用以对旅游客源进行预测。文中首先介绍了神经网络的基本原理,以及BP算法的运算过程。在此基础上,针对入境旅游人数预测的特定问题构造了一个神经网络模型,对近些年入境旅游人数进行了较为准确的预测,并将其结果与传统方法进行了比较。结果表明:该方法能有效地对旅游客源进行预测,结果优于传统方法,具有很高的准确性和鲁棒性。     

传世纺织品文物除尘方法研究——以湖蓝色缎绣凤纹大卧单为例

传世纺织品文物表面蒙尘、污染是一种较为普遍的病害。除尘成为了传世纺织品文物保护修复过程中极为重要的一环。针对不同状态的文物,如何安全、有效、便捷地进行除尘工作成了本研究的方向。本工作主要研究原陈设于养心殿体顺堂的湖蓝色缎绣凤纹大卧单的除尘方法。首先,对现有传世纺织品文物的物理除尘方法进行归纳,总结为5种类型：吸尘法、擦拭法、震动法、粘附法和凝胶法。其次,对该文物进行全面研究,包括制作工艺、图案样式、病害分析、试验检测等。研究结果为：该文物是双层罩面罩里加四周缝网穗制作,面主要为绒线绣、捻线绣花鸟纹;黄色绣线出现合成染料酸性偶氮染料,推测可能是19世纪末至20世纪初生产;绣线纤维强度较好,绣底局部糟朽,具备一定除尘条件。再次,通过除尘实验对比博物馆专用吸尘器、真空负压液态过滤除尘设备、超细纤维布作用文物的除尘效果。实验结果确定除尘方法为：首先用博物馆专用吸尘器进行第一遍的初步除尘,然后用真空负压液态过滤除尘设备进行第二遍的精细除尘。最后,结合文物织造、刺绣的工艺特点,将文物局部特征分类为：缎底、缎面开裂、压瓣、出边、水路、绒线绣线、加捻绣线、打籽绣,并研究分析针对它们的除尘手法。相比以往...